still of being _humanitarian_, and very conscious indeed of being _humanitarianists_. Detachment, however, spells freedom; and words are not wanting to remind us of that enhanced sense of the value of individual liberty which now found expression in the writings of the great Romantics and of men like John Stuart Mill. _Autonomy_ had not been applied to individuals, but only to states and societies, until the close of the eighteenth century, and in the following century the adjective _autonomous_ was introduced. We may compare _liberalism_ and _liberal-minded_ with the old _libertine_; _authoritarian_ implies a feeling in him who uses the word that all authority, as such, is bad; the nineteenth century also saw the distinction between _broad-minded_ and _narrow-minded_, and between _obscurantism_ and _enlightenment_—a word which met with some opposition, according to FitzEdward Hall, who records in his _Modern English_ (1873) that: Enlightenment is, to this day, always used by a certain class of English writers with a manifest sneer. The writers referred to are those who would rather have been born under the rule of the barons than under the inchoate rule of reason, and would gladly exchange the age of science for the ages of faith and folly. Those who object to the word will ordinarily be found to object to all that it stands for. Since the sense of freedom often appeared at its strongest in imaginations which were most possessed with the mechanical view of the universe, the paradox was not infrequent—especially in Germany—of philosophers and scientists insisting fiercely on the freedom of thought and using it to deny the possibility of any freedom at all! Such thinkers found the word _Determinism_ useful to express the mechanical part of the old _predestination_ without the latter’s theological assumptions.