The fact that a great deal of what had formerly been religious emotion was being secularized in this way does not, however, mean that the Church had ceased to play an all-important part in the life of the people. The Reformation seems, with its insistence on the _inwardness_ of all true grace, to have been but another manifestation of that steady shifting inwards of the centre of gravity of human consciousness which we have already observed in the scientific outlook. That shift is, in a larger sense, the story told by the whole history of the Aryan languages. Thus _religion_ itself, which had formerly been used only of external observances or of monastic orders, took on at about this time its modern, subjective meaning. Now it was that _piety_, differentiating itself from _pity_, began to acquire its present sense. _Godly_, _godliness_, and _godless_ are first found in Tindale’s writings, and _evangelical_ and _sincere_ are words which have been noted by a modern writer as being new at this time and very popular among the Protestants. The great word _Protestant_ itself was applied formerly to the German princes who had dissented from the decision of the Diet of Spires in 1529, and together with _Reformation_ it now acquired its new and special meaning, while the old words, _dissent_ and _disagree_, were transferred at about the same time from material objects to matters of opinion. Another little group of words which appeared in the language at about this time is interesting in its suggestion that human emotions, like the forces of Nature, are usually accompanied by their equal and opposite reactions. The well-known phrases, _odium theologicum_ and _odium philosophicum_, survive to remind us of a new kind of bitterness and hatred which had slowly been arising in men’s hearts, and which were also, it would seem, the gifts of Christianity and the Dark Ages. Very soon after the Reformation we find alongside the syllables of tenderness and devotion a very pretty little vocabulary of abuse. _Bigoted, action_, _factious_, _malignant_, _monkish_, _papistical_, _pernicious_, _popery_ are among the products of the struggle between Catholic and Protestant; and the terms _Roman_, _Romanist_, and _Romish_ soon acquired such a vituperative sense that it became necessary to evolve _Roman Catholic_ in order to describe the adherents of that faith without giving offence to them. The later internecine struggles among the Protestants themselves gave us _Puritan_, _precise_, _libertine_—reminiscent of a time when “liberty” of thought was assumed as a matter of course to include licence of behaviour—_credulous_, _superstitious_, _selfish_, _selfishness_, and the awful Calvinistic word _reprobate_. It was towards the end of the Puritan ascendancy that _atone_ and _atonement_ (_at-one-ment_) acquired their present strong suggestion of legal expiation, and it may not be without significance that the odious epithet _vindictive_ was then for the first time applied