There can be little doubt that the countries marked Estotiland, Drogeo, and Icaria—possibly Nova Scotia, New England, and Newfoundland—owe their position on this chart to the actual knowledge of America, obtained either by a fishing-vessel wrecked there, as stated by the Zeni, or from a tradition preserved since the time of the Northmen. The lines of latitude and longitude were not on the original manuscript chart, but were added by the editors in 1558. _Lelewel_, _Géog. du moyen âge_, tom. iii. pp. 79-101, Bruxelles, 1852; _Kohl's Hist. Discov._, pp. 97-106. At an unknown date, probably near the end of the thirteenth century, Robert Machin, an Englishman, eloped with a lady in his own vessel from Bristol. He steered for France, but was driven by a tempest to the island of Madeira, where both died. Some of the crew escaped to the African coast, where they were taken prisoners, but afterward were redeemed by the Spaniards, to whom one of them related the discovery of Madeira, his account leading to its rediscovery. Major concludes, "that henceforth the story of this accidental discovery of Madeira by Machin must be accepted as a reality," but the date cannot be fixed. That of 1344 often assigned to the voyage results from a misreading of Galvano. Beside _Galvano_, _Discov._, pp. 58-9, see _Purchas_, _His Pilgrimes_, vol. ii. p. 1672; _The Voyage of Macham, an English man, wherein he first of any man discovered the Iland of Madera_, in _Hakluyt_, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 1; _Curious and Ent. Voy._, p. 13; _Major's Prince Henry_, p. 67; _Kunstmann_, _Entdeckung Am._, p. 4. [1402.] At the beginning of the fifteenth century, Jean de Betancourt with a company of Norman adventurers conquered Lanzarote, one of the Canary Islands. He afterward became tributary to the crown of Castile, and by the aid of the Spanish government obtained possession of other islands of the group, establishing there a permanent colony. _Muñoz_, _Hist. del Nuevo Mundo_, pp. 30-33; _Peter Martyr_, dec. i. cap. i., gives the date 1405; _Galvano_, _Discov._, p. 60; _Kunstmann_, _Entdeckung Am._, p. 6; _Pinkerton's Col. Voy._, vol. xvi. pp. 808-15. * * * * * [Sidenote: PRINCE HENRY OF PORTUGAL.]