[1530.] During the absence of Cortés in Spain no progress had been made in maritime exploration; and by 1530 his ships on the stocks at Tehuantepec were ruined, but he made haste to build more. _Cortés_, _Cartas_, letters of Oct. 10, 1530, and April 20, 1532. [Sidenote: NUÑO DE GUZMAN.] Nuño de Guzman, formerly president of the audiencia of New Spain, and the inveterate enemy of Cortés, undertook with a large force, recruited in Mexico, the conquest of the region lying to the north-west of that city. The northern limit of his conquest in 1530-1 was Culiacan, between which and Mexico the whole country was brought under Spanish control by expeditions sent by Guzman in all directions under different leaders. _Relation di Nvnno di Gvsman_, in _Ramusio_, tom. iii. fol. 331, and abridged in _Purchas_, _His Pilgrimes_, vol. iv. p. 1556; _Jornada que hizo Nuño de Guzman á la Nueva Galicia_, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. ii.; _Primera relacion_, p. 288; _Tercera relacion_, p. 439; _Cuarta relacion_, p. 461; _Doc. para Hist. de Mex._, serie iii. p. 669; _Mota Padilla_, _Conquista de Nueva Galicia_, MS. of 1742; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii. pp. 559-77; _Gil_, _Memoria_, in _Boletin de la Soc. Mex. Geog._, tom. viii. p. 424 et seq. [Illustration: DIEGO RIBERO'S MAP, 1529.] Hakluyt, in his _Voyages_, vol. iii. p. 700, states that one William Hawkins, of Plymouth, made voyages, in a ship fitted out at his own expense, to the coast of Brazil in 1530 and 1532, bringing back an Indian king as a curiosity. [Sidenote: PETER MARTYR, PTOLEMY, AND MUNSTER.] _Peter Martyr_, _De Orbe novo_, Cõpluti, 1530, is the first complete edition of eight decades; and _Opus Epistolarum_, of the same date and place, is a collection of over eight hundred letters written between 1488 and 1525, many of them relating more or less to American affairs. In the _Ptolemy_ of 1530, in several subsequent editions, and in _Munster's Cosmography_ of 1572 et seq., is the map of which the following is a reduction. [Illustration: THE NEW WORLD, FROM PTOLEMY, 1530.] I give this drawing, circulated for many years in standard works, to illustrate how extremely slow were cosmographers to form anything like a correct idea of American geography, and how little they availed themselves of the more correct knowledge shown on official charts. The following map, made in 1544, illustrates still further the absurdities circulated for many years under the name of geography. Scores of additional examples might be given. [Illustration: RUSCELLI'S MAP, 1544.]