COOH CO / // (1) CH2 = 2H2O + C \ \\ COOH CO CO // (2) CBr2(COCl.)2 + Zn2 = ZnCl2 + ZnBr2 C \\ CO Carbon suboxide is a colourless, extremely mobile, refractive, poisonous liquid, of sp. gr. 1.11, with a strong and peculiar smell. It boils at 7°, and freezes at -107°. It is stable only at low temperatures; at ordinary temperatures it polymerises to a red solid, which dissolves in water, forming a solution of the colour of eosin. The change is almost instantaneous at 100°. Carbon suboxide is inflammable, burning with a blue but smoky flame: C3O2 + 2O2 = 3CO2. Its low boiling-point and the high value of its molecular refraction and dispersion, its general resemblance to the metallic carbonyls and ketones, etc., indicate that this remarkable oxide of carbon is, in all probability, the anhydride of malonic acid. Indeed, by the action of water upon it, it is reconverted into malonic acid. In point of principle, and viewed as chemical operations, the synthesis of vital products is in nowise different from the synthesis of any other group of organic compounds; and the special interest, and even astonishment, at one time created by the artificial preparation of such products has largely died away. The synthetical production of some of the substances formerly known only to be formed by vital action, either in the animal or the plant, has already been incidentally referred to. But it may be convenient to treat the subject of the artificial production of this group of bodies rather more comprehensively and as a sub-section of this chapter on organic synthesis, since their formation by such means constitutes a phase in the development of chemistry, and has undoubtedly exercised a profound influence on scientific thought and on philosophical and even theological doctrine. During the past fifty or sixty years the chemist has been enabled to form the active principles or characteristic products of many plants and animals. He has built up substances which were formerly regarded as capable of being made only by the very process of living. He has prepared compounds which were at one time considered as only producible by changes in organised matter after death. Since the date of Wöhler’s epoch-making discovery, already referred to[4] _urea_ has been synthetically prepared by many reactions, notably by Regnault and Natanson by the action of ammonia on carbonyl chloride, and by Basarow and Dexter from ammonium carbamate. Both these substances can be formed directly or indirectly from their elements. It may also be obtained by the hydrolysis of lead cyanate: Pb(CNO)2 + 2H2O = PbCO3 + CO(NH2)2. [4] Vol. I., p. 163.