4. Every child must learn not only the ordinary subjects taught at school, but also the practical duties of life,--boys, a trade; girls, housework. 5. Every clergyman must have pedagogical training and experience in teaching before entering upon a pastorate.[55] 6. The teacher must be trained, and in that training singing is included. 7. Children must be taught according to nature's laws,--the knowledge of the thing must precede its name. 8. Due respect should be shown to the office of teacher, and by example and precept every teacher should be worthy of respect. 9. His course of study included Latin and Greek, history, mathematics, singing, and physical training, besides religion. 10. Every school should have a library. 11. It is the inherent right of every child to be educated, and the State must provide the means to that end. The principles above stated are fundamental in the German school systems of the present time. Religious instruction, trained teachers, compulsory and universal education, are the central principles of the schools of Germany and of many other nations. Luther could not give his chief attention to education, but with deep insight he saw the necessity of it, and laid the foundations upon which later generations have built a marvelous structure, true to the design of its architect. MELANCHTHON (1497-1560) Philipp Melanchthon was the friend, colaborer, and adviser of Luther. Luther was a resolute, energetic, impulsive man; Melanchthon was quiet, reserved, and conciliating. There is no doubt that these two men of such opposite dispositions exerted a salutary influence upon each other,--Luther stimulated and encouraged Melanchthon; Melanchthon checked and restrained Luther. It is certain that each was helpful to the other, and that the great cause of the Reformation, to which they mutually consecrated themselves, was furthered by their friendship and union. Melanchthon had excellent training as a boy, and early showed signs of unusual ability. At fifteen he took his bachelor's degree at Heidelberg University, and when only eighteen years of age Erasmus said of him, "What hopes may we not conceive of Philipp Melanchthon, though as yet very young, almost a boy, but equally to be admired for his proficiency in both languages! What quickness of invention! What purity of diction! What vastness of memory! What variety of reading! What modesty and gracefulness of behavior! And what a princely mind!"