2. The Reformation took up the educational work of humanism, and carried it forward. It instituted primary education, the education of the masses, compulsory education and parental responsibility therefor; it asserted the right and duty of the State to demand and secure universal education; it elevated and gave dignity to the office of teacher; it formulated several school systems, and laid the foundation of the present German school system. Among its great educators were Luther, Melanchthon, Sturm, and Neander. 3. The Jesuits established a remarkable system of schools, noted for their thoroughness, for their singleness of purpose, for their rapid growth, and for their trained teachers. They gave little attention to primary education, but sought to reach the higher classes. Emulation was the principal incentive employed. 4. Opposed to the Jesuit education was that of the Port Royalists. They appealed to the intelligence of the children and cultivated the sense-perceptions. They invented the phonic method of spelling. 5. Sturm's celebrated course of study was introduced during this century at Strasburg. 6. The method of double translations in learning a language was taught by Ascham and Sturm. 7. In Rabelais we find the first appearance of _realism_, which bore rich fruit in later scientific education. 8. Montaigne opposed the use of the rod, and taught that the schoolroom should be made attractive. He also advocated the study of modern languages by conversation, and gave science an honorable place in the curriculum. It thus appears that the sixteenth century surpassed many previous eras in its contributions to educational progress. FOOTNOTES: [73] H. M. Skinner, "The Schoolmaster in Literature," p. 20. [74] For special reference see Besant's "Rabelais." [75] "Rabelais," 192. [76] Ibid., 193. [77] "Schoolmaster in Comedy and Satire," 9-33. [78] "History of Pedagogy," p. 91. [79] "Rabelais," p. 187. [80] "History of Pedagogy," p. 96. [81] See Collins, "Montaigne." [82] Collins, "Montaigne," p. 14. [83] A good summary of Montaigne's educational ideas may be found in Collins's "Montaigne," p. 102. CHAPTER XXXII EDUCATION DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY =Literature.=--_Taylor_, History of Germany; _Guizot_, History of Civilization; _Schiller_, The Thirty Years' War; _Dyer_, Modern Europe; _Lewis_, History of Germany; _Macaulay_, History of England.