=The Innovators.=--We must here mention also the Innovators or Reformers, whose period of educational activity falls chiefly within the seventeenth century. Among these appear the names of Francis Bacon, Ratke, Milton, Comenius, Rollin, Fenelon, and Locke. These men started movements which revolutionized education and laid the foundation of modern methods. The demands of the Reformers are summed up by Quick as follows: "First, that the study of _things_ should precede, or be united with, the study of _words_; second, that knowledge should be communicated, where possible, by appeal to the senses; third, that all linguistic study should begin with that of the mother tongue; fourth, that Latin and Greek should be taught to such boys only as would be likely to complete a learned education; fifth, that physical education should be attended to in all classes of society for the sake of health, not simply with a view to gentlemanly accomplishments; sixth, that a new method of teaching should be adopted, framed 'According to nature.'"[85] In another chapter we shall study the life and work of some of these men. FOOTNOTES: [84] "History of Germany," p. 409. [85] Quick, "Educational Reformers," p. 50. CHAPTER XXXIII EDUCATORS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY =Literature.=--_Church_, Bacon; _Macaulay_, Essays; _Spofford_, Library of Historical Characters; _Lord_, Beacon Lights; _Montagu_, Life of Bacon; _Barnard_, English Pedagogy; _Quick_, Educational Reformers; _Williams_, History of Modern Education; _Laurie_, Life and Works of Comenius; _Comenius_, Orbis Pictus; _Barnard_, Journal of Education; _Milton_, Tractate on Education; _Pattison_, Milton; _Fowler_, Locke; _Leitch_, Practical Educationists; _Gill_, Systems of Education; _Schwegler_, History of Philosophy; _Courtney_, John Locke; _Vogel_, Geschichte der Paedagogik; _Compayre_, History of Pedagogy; _Fenelon_, Education of Girls; _Azarias_, Philosophy of Literature; _Monroe_, Comenius. BACON[86] (1561-1626) But little is known of the early years of Francis Bacon, but it is probable that he was well trained, as his father was a man of good education, and the boy was able to enter Cambridge when only a little over twelve years of age. His father was for many years Lord Keeper of the Seals, and this brought Francis in contact with court life, where his precocity made him a favorite with the queen. He thus early acquired that taste for the court, by which he climbed to the height of his ambition only to fall therefrom in ignominious defeat.