[106] For full discussion of the pedagogical principles of Comenius, see Professor Laurie's great work. [107] "Educational Reformers," p. 59. [108] "Tractate," p. 3. [109] See Fowler's "Locke." Also Quick, Compayre, and Williams. [110] "History of Modern Education," p. 181. [111] "History of Pedagogy," p. 165. [112] "Schoolmaster in Comedy and Satire," pp. 73-100. [113] Especial reference is made to Brother Azarias, "Essays Educational." [114] "History of Pedagogy," p. 276. [115] "Essays Educational," p. 238. CHAPTER XXXIV AUGUST HERMANN FRANCKE AND THE PIETISTS (1663-1727) =Literature.=--_Rein_, Encyklopaedisches Handbuch; _Strack_, Geschichte des Volkschulwesens; _Dyer_, Modern Europe; _Rein_, Am Ende der Schulreform? _Russell_, German Higher Schools. PIETISM Pietism is the name of a movement in Germany which sought to revive spiritual life in the Lutheran Church. In that church, religion had become purely a matter of intellect, instead of heart. Cold formality and adherence to the letter, rather than the spirit, had taken possession of the Protestant Church. Like the Jansenists in France, who had a similar purpose with reference to the Catholic Church, and later the Methodists in England, who sought to awaken religious zeal in the Church of England, the Pietists of Germany endeavored to vitalize religious life, and to lead men away from creeds promulgated by human agency, to the pure word of God. The Pietists differed from the orthodox Lutherans not in doctrine, but in insisting on the necessity of a change of heart and a pious life, instead of mere adherence to formal doctrine. The Pietists founded the university of Halle, and this remained the center of the movement until it had run its course. Pietism had its inception during the latter part of the seventeenth century, and it extended through the first half of the eighteenth century. Its originator was Philipp Jakob Spener, a man of remarkable zeal and godly life. Though it met with bitter opposition on the part of the orthodox Lutherans, it certainly did great good, not only to its adherents, but to the Church at large, by awakening deeper spiritual life. Its influence was also great in reviving Biblical study in Germany, in improving the character of teachers, and in giving a spiritual direction to the studies of the schools. It has left an enduring monument in the great _Institutions_ that it founded at Halle. The greatest of the Pietists was August Hermann Francke, who is celebrated, not only as a theologian, but as a philanthropist and teacher. FRANCKE[116] (1663-1727)