2. It sought to base learning on reason and investigation, rather than on authority. In this we find the first impulse of that movement which later led to the founding of science. 3. Many universities were established through the scholastic influence, notably, Paris, Heidelberg, Bologna, Prague, and Vienna. 4. While it failed to establish them, it at least recognized the desirableness of a universal language for schools, and a universal church for man. 5. Although, with the exception of the universities which it founded, its direct work in education cannot be said to have been permanent, yet it imparted fresh vigor to educational endeavors. 6. Schwegler says,[38] "It ... introduced to the world another principle than that of the old Church, the principle of the thinking spirit, the self-consciousness of the reason, or at least prepared the way for the victory of this principle. Even the deformities and unfavorable side of scholasticism, the many absurd questions upon which the scholastics divided, even their thousandfold unnecessary and accidental distinctions, their inquisitiveness and subtleties, all sprang from a rational principle, and grew out of a spirit of investigation, which could only utter itself in this way under the all-powerful ecclesiastical spirit of the time." FOOTNOTES: [32] "History of Pedagogy," p. 71. [33] "History of Philosophy," p. 186. [34] _Ibid._, p. 185. [35] _Ibid._, p. 186. [36] See K. Schmidt, "Geschichte der Paedagogik," Vol. II, p. 265, for subjects of these discussions. [37] "Jesuit Education," p. 46. [38] "History of Philosophy," p. 189. CHAPTER XX CHARLEMAGNE =Literature.=--_Ferris_, Great Leaders; _Emerton_, Introduction to the Middle Ages; _Guizot_, History of Civilization; _Wells_, The Age of Charlemagne; _Bryce_, The Holy Roman Empire; _Church_, The Beginning of the Middle Ages; _Lord_, Beacon Lights; _White_, Eighteen Christian Centuries; _Laurie_, Rise of the Universities; _Bulfinch_, Legends of Charlemagne; Encyclopaedia Britannica, Article on Charlemagne. =History, Character, and Purpose.=--Charlemagne was not only the greatest ruler of the Middle Ages, but one of the greatest and wisest rulers the world has known. By birth and instinct he belonged to the Teutonic race, to which, as before stated, the world's enlightenment has been committed. Like Alexander the Great, Charlemagne united many peoples into one, until he ruled over the territory now included in France, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, and Italy,--in fact, his empire comprised the richest part of central Europe. He designed to rebuild the Roman Empire, and was crowned "Emperor of Rome" by the Pope, in the year 800. While he protected the Pope and was loyal to him, he did not admit the papal supremacy in matters of State.