thus acting as a sort of continuous screen to it. The gates were little less than miniature citadels built into each line of ramparts; the gate of the outer wall was often surrounded by lower outworks, two square bastions and walls enclosing an outer quadrangle which had to be crossed before the real gate was reached. [Illustration: 226a.jpg PLAN OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF ZINJIRLI.] A reproduction by Faucher-Gudin of the first plan published by Luschan. When a breach had been made in this double enclosure, though the town itself might be taken, the labours of the attacking force were not yet over. In the very centre of the place, on a sort of artificial mound or knoll, stood the royal castle, and resistance on the part of its garrison would make it necessary for the enemy to undertake a second siege no less deadly and protracted than the first. The keep of Zinjirli had only a single gate approached by a narrow causeway. [Illustration: 226b.jpg ONE OF THE GATES OF ZINJIRLI RESTORED] Reproduction by Faucher-Gudin of the sketch published by Luschan. Within, it was divided by walls into five compartments, each of which was independent of the rest, and had to be attacked separately. Ma-tilu knew he could hope for no mercy at the hands of the Assyrians; he therefore struggled on to the last, and when at length obliged to surrender, in the year 740 B.C., he paid for his obstinacy by the loss of his throne, and perhaps also of his life.* * Our knowledge of these events is imperfect, our only information being derived from the very scanty details given in the _Eponym Canon_; up to the present we can do no more than trace the general course of events. [Illustration: 227.jpg BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE ROYAL CASTLE OF ZINJIRLI AS RESTORED] Drawn by Faucher-Gudin, from the plan published in Luschan. The inaction of Sharduris clearly showed that he was no longer in a position to protect his allies, and that the backbone of his kingdom was broken; the kings who had put faith in his help now gave him up, and ambassadors flocked in from all parts, even from those which were not as yet directly threatened. Kushtashpi of Kummukh, Tark-hulara of Gturgum, Pisiris of Carchemish, Uriaik of Kui, came to Arpad in person to throw themselves at the conqueror's feet, bringing with them offerings of gold and silver, of lead and iron, of ivory, carved and in the tusk, of purple, and of dyed or embroidered stuffs, and were confirmed in the possession of their respective territories; Hiram II. of Tyre, moreover, and Eezin of Damascus sent their greetings to him.* * _Annals of Tiglath-pileser III_., where the statement at the close indicates that Tiglath-pileser received the tributary kings of Syria "in Arpad," after he had captured that city.