* The name Khnenta seems to have been Hellenised into that of Kharindas, borne by a river which formed the frontier between Hyrcania and Media; according to the Pehlevi version it was really a river of Hyrcania, the Djordjan. The epithet Vehrkana, which qualifies the name Khnenta, has been identified by Burnouf with the Hyrcania of classical geographers. ** Ragha is identified with Azerbaijan in the Pehlevi version of the Vendidad, but is, more probably, the Rhago of classical geographers, the capital of Eastern Media. *** Chakhra seems to be identical with the country of Karkh, at the northwestern extremity of Khorassan. **** Varena is identified by the Pehlevi commentators with Patishkhvargar, i.e. probably the Patusharra of the Assyrian inscriptions. ^ Haug proposed to identify this last station with the regions situated on the shores of the Caspian, near the south-western corner of that sea. But, as Garrez points out, the Pehlevi commentators prove that it must be the countries on the Upper Tigris. ^^ Spiegel has argued that Aryanem-Vaojo is probably Arran, the modern Kazabadagh, the mountainous district between the Kur and the Aras, and his opinion is now gaining acceptance. The settlement of the Iranians in Russia, and their entrance into Asia by way of the Caucasus, have been admitted by Rost. Classical writers reversed this order of things, and derived the Sauromato and other Scythian tribes from Media. It is possible that some of their hordes may have endeavoured to wedge themselves in between the Halys and the Euphrates as far as the centre of Asia Minor. Their presence in this quarter would explain why we encounter Iranian personal names in the Sargonide epoch on the two spurs of Mount Taurus, such as that of the Kushtashpi, King of Kummukh, in the time of Tiglath-pileser III., and of the Kundashpi mentioned in the _Annals_ of Shalmaneser III. in the ninth century B.C.* * The name Kushtashpi has been compared with that of Vistaspa or Gushtasp by Fr. Lenormant, the name Kundashpi with that of Vindaspa by Gutschmid, and, later on, Ball has added to these a long list of names in Egyptian and Assyrian inscriptions which he looks upon as Iranian. Kundashpi recalls at first sight Gundobunas, a name of the Sassanid epoch, if this latter form be authentic. Tiele adopts the identification of Kushtashpi with Vistaspa, and Justi has nothing to say against it, nor against the identification of Kundashpi with Vindaspa.