[Footnote 43: "Deorum nominibus appellant secretum illud, quod sola reverentia vident." Later on, at Upsala for instance, they had images (Adam of Bremen, "Historia Ecclesiastica"). Wuotan (Odin), signifies etymologically the All-Powerful, him who penetrates and circulates through everything (Grimm, "Mythology").] [Footnote 44: "Sæmundar Edda, Snorra Edda," ed. Copenhagen, three vols., passim. Mr. Bergmann has translated several of these poems into French, which Mr. Taine quotes. The translator has generally made use of the edition of Mr. Thorpe, London, 1866.] [Footnote 45: Hel, the goddess of death, born of Loki and Angrboda.--Tr.] [Footnote 46: Thorpe, "The Edda of Sæmund, the Vala's Prophecy," str. 48-56, p. 9 et passim.] [Footnote 47: "Fafnismâl Edda." This epic is common to the Northern races, as is the Iliad to the Greek populations, and is found almost entire in Germany in the Nibelungen Lied. The translator has also used Magnusson and Morris's poetical version of the "Völsunga Saga," and certain songs of the "Elder Edda," London, 1870.] [Footnote 48: "Thorpe, The Edda of Sæmund, Third Lay of Sigurd Fafnicide," str. 62-64, p. 83.] [Footnote 49: Magnusson and Morris, "Story of the Volsungs and Nibelungs, Lamentation of Guaran," p. 118 et passim.] [Footnote 50: Thorpe, "The Edda of Sæmund, Lay of Atli," str. 21-27, p. 117.] [Footnote 51: Ibid., str. 38, p. 119.] [Footnote 52: This word signifies men who fought without a breastplate, perhaps in shirts only; Scottice, "Baresarks."--Tr.] [Footnote 53: See the "Life of Sweyn," of Hereward, etc., even up to the time of the Conquest.] [Footnote 54: Beowulf, passim. Death of Byrhtnoth.] [Footnote 55: "The Wanderer, the Exile's Song, Codex Exoniensis," published by Thorpe.] [Footnote 56: Turner, "History of the Anglo-saxons", III. 63.] [Footnote 57: Alfred borrows his portrait from Boethius, but almost entirely rewrites it.] [Footnote 58: Kemble thinks that the origin of this poem is very ancient, perhaps contemporary with the invasion of the Angles and Saxons, but that the version we possess is later than the seventh century.--Kemble's "Beowulf," text and translation, 1833. The characters are Danish.] [Footnote 59: Kemble's "Beowulf," XI. p. 32.] [Footnote 60: Ibid. XII. p. 34.] [Footnote 61: "Beowulf," XXII., XXIII. p. 62 et passim.] [Footnote 62: "Beowulf," XXXIII., XXXVI. p. 94 et passim.] [Footnote 63: Ibid, XXXVII., XXXVIII. p. 110 et passim. I have throughout always used the very words of Kemble's translation.--Tr.] [Footnote 64: Conybeare's "Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," 1826, "Battle of Finsborough," p. 175. The complete collection of Anglo-Saxon poetry has been published by M. Grein.] [Footnote 65: Turner, "History of Anglo-Saxons," III. book 9, ch. I. p. 245.] [Footnote 66: The cleverest Anglo-Saxon scholars, Turner, Conybeare, Thorpe, recognize this difficulty.]