136 Ozanam’s _Hist. of Civilisation in the Fifth Century_ (Eng. trans.), vol. ii. p. 43. St. Adelbert, Archbishop of Prague at the end of the tenth century, was especially famous for his opposition to the slave trade. In Sweden, the abolition of slavery in the thirteenth century was avowedly accomplished in obedience to Christian principles. (Moehler, _Le Christianisme et l’Esclavage_, pp. 194-196; Ryan’s _History of the Effects of Religion upon Mankind_, pp. 142, 143.) 137 Salvian, in a famous passage (_De Gubernatione Dei_, lib. v.), notices the multitudes of poor who voluntarily became “coloni” for the sake of protection and a livelihood. The coloni, who were attached to the soil, were much the same as the mediæval serfs. We have already noticed them coming into being, apparently when the Roman emperors settled barbarian prisoners to cultivate the desert lands of Italy; and before the barbarian invasions their numbers seem to have much increased. M. Guizot has devoted two chapters to this subject. (_Hist. de la Civilisation en France_, vii. viii.) 138 See Finlay’s _Hist. of Greece_, vol. i. p. 241. 139 Moehler, p. 181. 140 “Non v’era anticamente signor secolare, vescovo, abbate, capitolo di canonici e monistero che non avesse al suo servigio molti servi. Molto frequentemente solevano i secolari manometterli. Non cosi le chiese, e i monisteri, non per altra cagione, a mio credere, se non perchè la manumissione è una spezie di alienazione, ed era dai canoni proibito l’alienare i beni delle chiese.”—Muratori, _Dissert._ xv. Some Councils, however, recognised the right of bishops to emancipate Church slaves. Moehler, _Le Christianisme et l’Esclavage_, p. 187. Many peasants placed themselves under the dominion of the monks, as being the best masters, and also to obtain the benefit of their prayers. 141 Muratori; Hallam’s _Middle Ages_, ch. ii. part ii. 142 See on this subject, Ryan, pp. 151-152; Cibrario, _Economica politica del Medio Evo_, lib. iii. cap. ii., and especially Le Blant, _Inscriptions chrétiennes de la Gaule_, tome ii. pp. 284-299. 143 About 5/6ths of a bushel. See Hume’s _Essay on the Populousness of Ancient Nations_. 144 The history of these distributions is traced with admirable learning by M. Naudet in his _Mémoire sur les Secours publics dans l’Antiquité_ (_Mém. de l’Académie des Inscrip. et Belles-lettres_, tome xiii.), an essay to which I am much indebted. See, too, Monnier, _Hist. de l’Assistance publique_; B. Dumas, _Des Secours publics chez les Anciens_; and Schmidt, _Essai sur la Société civile dans le Monde romain et sur sa Transformation par le Christianisme_. 145 Livy, ii. 9; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._ xxxi. 41. 146 Dion Cassius, xxxviii. 1-7. 147 Xiphilin, lxviii. 2; Pliny, _Ep._ vii. 31.