Ortelius, 65, 102 Oudney, W., 109 Oxley, Lieut., 118 Pacific Ocean, 64, 65, 82, 83, 87 Palestine, 48 Palgrave, W. G., 117 Pamirs, 115 Paradise, 39 Paris, Matthew, 48 Park, Mungo, 108 Parmenides, 9 Parry (Arctic), 122, 126 ---- (Australia), 120 Pascal, 93 Paulmyer, Sieur de Gonneville, 69 Paumotu Is., 84, 85 Pausanias, 32 Payer, Lieut. Julius, 125 Payva, Alphonso, 53 Peary, Robert E., 126, 127 Peking, 69 Penna, Orazio della, 72 Periodos (circuit of the earth), 12 Periœci, 23 Periplus, 12, 18 ---- of the Erythræan Sea, 3 Pérouse, J. F. D. de la, 89 Persia, 71 Persian Gulf, 20 Perthes, Justus, 137 Peru, 3, 66 Peschel, Oscar, 145 Pet, Arthur, 79 Peter Is., 128 Petermann, A., 137 Peutinger Table, 26 Pevtsov, 116 Phasis, River, 11 Philip, George, 138 Philippine Islands, 65 Phipps, Captain, 122, 142 Phœnicians, 4 Picard, Jean, 94, 101 Pigafetta, F., 99 Pines, Isle of, 88 Pinzon, Vicente Yañez, 59, 62 Pizarro, Francisco, 66 Plane-table, 93 Plato, 18 Pliny the Elder, 26 Polo, Marco, 43, 69 Polybius of Megalopolis, 23 Polyhistor, Julius Solinus, 35 Pomponius Mela, 26 Pont, Timothy, 102 Portolano maps, 48, 50, 55 Portuguese, 51, 55, 60, 68, 79, 108 Posidonius the Stoic, 23, 72 Potamology, 141 Potanin, 116 Prester John, 53 Pretorius, Jean, 93 Prjevalsky, Nicolai, 116 Procopius, 34 Ptolemy, 26, 39, 54, 72 Putte, Samuel van der, 72 Pygmies, 7, 17 Pythagoras, 8 Pytheas of Massilia, 21 Quadrant, 91, 94 Queensland, 119, 120 Quiros, Pedro Fernandez de, 83 Rae, Dr. John, 124 Ramsden, 97 Ratzel, Friedrich, 145 Ravenstein, A., 137 Rawling, Capt. G. C., 116 Rebmann, T., 110 Red Sea, 5, 35 Regiomontanus, 97 Rennell, Maj. James, 104 Retes, Inigo Ortes de, 83 Retreat of the Ten Thousand, 17 Rhins, Dutreuil de, 116 Rhodesia, 5 Richard of Haldingham, 48 Richardson, Sir John, 124 Richer, Jean, 94 Richthofen, Ferdinand, Baron von, 117, 145 Rio de la Plata, 62 Ripon Falls, 111 Ritter, Karl, 145 Roborovsky, 116 Rockhill, W. W., 116 Roe, J. S., 121 Roggeveen, Jacob, 85 Rohlfs, G., 114 Romans, 24 Rome, 19 Rosen, P. G., 138 Ross, Capt., 122, 123, 142 ----, James Clark, 123, 142 ----, Sir James, 130 Roy, General, 103, 104 Royal Geographical Soc., 146 Russians, 72, 78, 80, 116 Rusticiano of Pisa, 44 Ruwenzori Mts., 113 Sadlier, Capt. G. F., 117 Sahara Desert, 52, 109, 114 St. Basil the Great, 34 St. Brandon, Island of, 58 St. Francis Xavier, 69 St. Lawrence River, 66 St. Martin, Vivien de, 138 Samoa, 85 San Salvador, 60 Sanson, Nicolas, 99 Saxton, Christopher, 102 Scandinavia, 7, 21, 30, 37, 49, 58, 75 Scaph, 90 Schouten, Willem Cornelis, 84 Schrader, F., 138 Schweinfürth, Georg, 114