In the Antarctic an important voyage, which supplemented Cook’s work, was undertaken in 1819 by Fabian von Bellingshausen. He succeeded in sailing half round the Antarctic circle, keeping to high southern latitudes all the way, and voyaging within the circle for considerable distances. He found the first land seen within the Antarctic circle, Peter Island, and, later, Alexander Island; he discovered the Traverse Islands, and on his return in 1821 touched at the South Shetland Islands, and met there sealers, by one of whom, William Smith, the islands had been discovered in 1819. In the next year, 1822, the South Orkney Islands were found and named by another sealer. The next voyager was James Weddell, who reached the highest latitude yet attained, 74° 15’ S., in 1823. At his highest latitude he had clear sea before him, but was forced to turn back by the approach of winter, and returned with many interesting observations and collections. A courageous journey was also made in 1831 by John Biscoe, a sealer, who started out to search for land from the Sandwich Islands, and succeeded in sailing for some months within the Antarctic circle in a higher latitude than Bellingshausen, and sighted land which he named Enderby Land. In spite of the sufferings he had endured and the death of the greater number of his crew, he started again in the following year from New Zealand, discovered Biscoe Islands, and took possession for England of the land which he could see lying behind them; this was subsequently named Graham Land. Biscoe was in the employ of an enterprising London firm, the Enderby Brothers, and after the remarkable results which he had achieved, they were encouraged to pursue their policy of directing their captains to embrace every opportunity of exploration. In 1833 one of them, John Kemp, found land to the east of Enderby Land, and in 1839 John Balleny discovered the islands named after him. About 1835 general interest was aroused in Antarctic problems, and three expeditions were prepared in England, France, and America to make magnetic observations, and to explore as far as possible the southern continent, now at length defined within reasonable limits. The French expedition, under Dumont d’Urville, was the first to start in 1838, but achieved little beyond the exploration of some land south of the South Shetland Islands, which was called Louis Philippe Land. After wintering in Tasmania, however, d’Urville decided on making a great effort to reach the south magnetic pole, and though he failed in this, he found a mountainous land which he named Adélie Land. The American expedition under Charles Wilkes did not meet with any great success, hampered as it was by quarrels among the officers and by unseaworthy ships; but land was several times sighted at a distance, and on Wilkes’s return controversy arose as to whether the honour of the discovery of this southern continent belonged to the French or the American expedition.