There is, therefore, good reason why Solôn should single out the
Isthmionikæ as persons to be specially rewarded, not mentioning
the Pythionikæ and Nemeonikæ,—the Nemean and Pythian games not
having then acquired Hellenic importance. Diogenes Laërt. (i.
55) says that Solôn provided rewards, not only for victories at
the Olympic and Isthmian, but also ἀνάλογον ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων, which
Krause (Pythien, Nemeen und Isthmien, sect. 3, p. 13) supposes
to be the truth: I think, very improbably. The sharp invective
of Timokreon against Themistocles, charging him among other
things with providing nothing but cold meat at the Isthmian games
(Ἰσθμοῖ δ᾽ ἐπανδόκευε γελοίως ψυχρὰ κρέα παρέχων, Plutarch.
Themistoc. c. 21), seems to imply that the Athenian visitors,
whom the Theôrs were called upon to take care of at those games,
were numerous.
Of the beginnings of these great solemnities, we cannot presume to
speak, except in mythical language: we know them only in their
comparative maturity. But the habit of common sacrifice, on a
small scale, and between near neighbors, is a part of the earliest
habits of Greece. The sentiment of fraternity, between two tribes
or villages, first manifested itself by sending a sacred legation,
or Theôria,[378] to offer sacrifice at each other’s festivals, and
to partake in the recreations which followed; thus establishing a
truce with solemn guarantee, and bringing themselves into direct
connection each with the god of the other under his appropriate
local surname. The pacific communion so fostered, and the increased
assurance of intercourse, as Greece gradually emerged from the
turbulence and pugnacity of the heroic age, operated especially in
extending the range of this ancient habit: the village festivals
became town festivals, largely frequented by the citizens of other
towns, and sometimes with special invitations sent round to attract
Theôrs from every Hellenic community,—and thus these once humble
assemblages gradually swelled into the pomp and immense confluence
of the Olympic and Pythian games. The city administering such holy
ceremonies enjoyed inviolability of territory during the month of
their occurrence, being itself under obligation at that time to
refrain from all aggression, as well as to notify by heralds[379]
the commencement of the truce to all other cities not in avowed
hostility with it. Elis imposed heavy fines upon other towns—even on
the powerful Lacedæmon—for violation of the Olympic truce, on pain of
exclusion from the festival in case of non-payment.
[378] In many Grecian states (as at Ægina, Mantineia, Trœzen,
Thasos, etc.) these Theôrs formed a permanent college, and seem
to have been invested with extensive functions in reference to
religious ceremonies: at Athens, they were chosen for the special
occasion (see Thucyd. v. 47; Aristotel. Polit. v. 8, 3; O.
Müller, Æginetica, p. 135; Demosthen. de Fals. Leg. p. 380).
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