History of Indian and Eastern ArchitectureFergusson, James
History
History of Indian and Eastern Architecture
Fergusson, James
Architecture -- India; Architecture, Asian
Before leaving this cave, however, it may be well to remark on the
change that had taken place in the form of the dagoba during these 500
years. If Woodcut No. 61 is compared with the dagobas in Nos. 56 and 57,
it will be seen how much the low rounded form of the early examples had
been conventionalised into a tall steeple-like object. The drum had
become more important than the dome, and was ornamented with
architectural features that have no meaning as applied. But more curious
still is the form the triple umbrella had assumed. It had now become a
steeple reaching to the roof of the cave, and its original form and
meaning would hardly be suspected by those who were not familiar with
the intermediate steps.
I am not aware of more than three umbrellas being found surmounting any
dagoba in the caves, but the annexed representation of a model of one
found at Sultanpore, near Jelalabad (Woodcut No. 62), probably of about
the same age, has six such discs; and in Behar numerous models are found
with seven, making with the base and finial nine storeys,[148] which
afterwards in China became the conventional number for the nine-storeyed
towers of that land.
[Illustration: 61. Rock-cut Dagoba at Ajunta. (From a Drawing by the
Author.)]
[Illustration: 62. Small Model found in the Tope at Sultanpore. (From
Wilson’s ‘Ariana Antiqua.’)]
The last chaitya at Ajunta (No. 26) is of a medium size, 66 ft. by 36,
and has a long inscription, but which unfortunately contains nothing to
enable us to fix its date with certainty. It is certainly more modern
than the last-named, its sculptures are coarser, and their meaning more
mythological. We shall probably not err in assuming that it was
excavated towards the end of the 6th or beginning of the 7th century;
and that the year 600 is not far from its true date. Its chief interest
is in showing how nearly Buddhism was approximating to Brahmanism when
the catastrophe took place which expelled the former from the country of
its birth.
ELLORA.
The celebrated Viswakarma cave at Ellora is a chaitya of the first
class, intermediate in age between the two last-described caves at
Ajunta, or it may be as modern as the last. There are unfortunately no
inscriptions nor any traditions[149] that would assist in fixing its
age, which must consequently depend wholly on its position in the series
and its architectural peculiarities.
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