History of Indian and Eastern ArchitectureFergusson, James
History
History of Indian and Eastern Architecture
Fergusson, James
Architecture -- India; Architecture, Asian
The extraordinary classical character and the beauty of the sculptures
found in these Gandhara monasteries is of such surpassing interest for
the history of Indian art, that it is of the utmost importance their age
should be determined, if it is possible to do so. At present, sufficient
materials do not exist in this country to enable the general public to
form even an opinion on any argument that may be brought forward on the
subject; nor will they be in a position to do so till the Government can
be induced to spend the trifling sum required to bring some of them
home. They are quite thrown away where they now are; here, they would
hardly be surpassed in interest by any recent discoveries of the same
class. Pending this, the reader must be content with such a statement
of the argument as may be put forward by those who have access to
photographs and such materials as are not available to the general
public.[216] It it is understood that General Cunningham intends to
publish photographs of the 165 objects in his collection. When this is
done, it will supply the want to a certain extent, but a really correct
judgment can only be formed on an actual inspection of the objects
themselves.
Among Indian antiquaries there are two different views as to the age of
these sculptures, regarding either of which a great deal may be urged
with a considerable degree of plausibility. The first is, that the
Bactrian Greeks carried with them into Asia the principles of Grecian
sculpture and the forms of Grecian architecture, and either during their
supremacy or after their expulsion from Bactria established a school of
classical art in the Peshawur valley. It further assumes that, when
Buddhism was established there under Kanishka and his successors, it
bloomed into that rich and varied development we find exhibited in these
Gandhara monasteries. This is the view adopted by General Cunningham,
who, however, admits that, as all the sculptures are Buddhist, the
earliest must be limited to the age of Kanishka, which he assumes to be
about B.C. 40,[217] and that they extend to A.D. 100, or thereabouts.
The other theory equally admits the presence of the classical element,
derived from the previous existence of the Bactrian Greeks, but spreads
the development of the classical feeling through Buddhist art over the
whole period during which it existed in the valley, or from the 1st to
the 7th or 8th century of our era, and ascribes its peculiar forms as
much, if not more, to constant communication with the West, from the age
of Augustus to that of Justinian, rather than to the original seed
planted there by the Bactrians.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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