[280] Appian, _Wars of Spain_, i. 102.--Pompey, in the trophies which he raised to himself on the coast of Catalonia, affirmed that he had received the submission of eight hundred and seventy-seven _oppida_. (Pliny, _Natural History_, III. iii. 18.)--Pliny reckoned two hundred and ninety-three in Hispania Citerior, and a hundred and seventy-nine in Bætica. (_Natural History_, III. iii. 18.)--We may, moreover, form an idea of the number of inhabitants by the amount of troops raised to resist the Scipios. In adding together the numbers furnished by the historians, we arrive at the fearful total of 317,700 men killed or made prisoners. (Titus Livius, XXX. _et. seq._)--In 548, we see two nations of Spain, the Ilergetes and the Ausetani, joined with some other petty tribes, put on foot an army of 30,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry. (Titus Livius, XXIX. 1.)--We remark fifteen to twenty others whose forces are equal or superior. After the battle of Zama, Spain furnished Hasdrubal with 50,000 footmen and 4,500 horsemen. (Titus Livius, XXVIII. 12, 13.)--Cato has no sooner appeared with his fleet before Emporiæ, than an army of 40,000 Spaniards, who could only have been collected in the surrounding country, is ready prepared to resist him. (Appian, _Wars of Spain_, 40, p. 147.)--In Lusitania itself, a country of which the population was much less, we see Servius Galba and Lucullus killing 12,500 men. (Appian, _Wars of Spain_, 58, 59, p. 170 _et. seq._)--Although laid waste and depopulated by these two generals, the country, at the end of a few years, furnished again to Viriathus considerable forces. [281] Titus Livius, XXII. 20. [282] Strabo, IV. i. § 11; ii. § 14; iii. § 3. [283] See what M. Amedée Thierry says, _Hist. des Gaul._, II. 134 _et seq._ 3d edit. [284] Pliny, XXI. 31. [285] Diodorus Siculus, V. 26.--Athenæus, IV. xxxvi. 94. [286] Demosthenes, _Thirty-second Oration against Zenothemis_, 980, edit. Bekker. [287] Strabo, IV. vi. § 2, 3. [288] Diodorus Siculus, V. xxxix. [289] See Titus Livius, XXXII. to XLII. [290] See Strabo, V. i. § 10, 11. [291] Strabo, V. i. § 12. [292] Gold was originally very abundant in Gaul; but the mines whence it was extracted, and the rivers which carried it, must have been soon exhausted, for the quality of the Gaulish gold coins becomes more and more abased as the date of their fabrication approaches that of the Roman conquest. [293] Strabo, V. i. § 7.--Titus Livius, X. 2. [294] Pliny, _Natural History_, III. xvi. 119.--Martial, _Epigr._, IV. xxv.--_Antonine Itinerary_, 126. [295] Pliny, _Natural History_, XXXVII. iii. § 11. [296] Small vessels, quick sailers, and rapid in their movements, excellent for piracy; also called _liburnæ_, from the name of the people who employed them. [297] Polybius, II. 5. [298] Titus Livius, XLI. 2, 4, 11. [299] Polybius, II. 8. [300] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 5. [301] Pliny, XXXV. 60. [302] Polybius, XXII. 13. [303] Polybius, XXX. xv. § 5.--Titus Livius, XLV. 34.