Although Omana was the centre of commerce between Arabia and India, and afterwards became a place of great commercial importance, no produce of the latter country appears to have been shipped from it at the time of Arrian. Dates in large quantities were then, as they were long afterwards, its chief articles of export; as also, coarse cloths, wine, slaves, some gold, and many pearls. Here were built for the Arabians the vessels they employed in the Persian Gulf, and along the whole line of the coast, their hulls consisting of planks sewed together, without nails. To this day similar vessels, known as _frankees_ and _dhows_, may be seen in great numbers, engaged in much the same trade their ancestors followed two or three thousand years ago. We have now given a brief outline of the routes by land and by sea, by which commerce was conducted with the East, before the commencement of the Christian era, and the map we have prepared (see frontispiece) may assist our readers in tracing the different routes. Of the maritime commerce of India itself, and of the trade and shipping of the East during the earliest periods of history, we shall attempt to furnish an outline in the following chapter. FOOTNOTES: [193] Herod. iv. c. 42. [194] Herod. iv. c. 33. [195] It is probable that Sataspes got as far as the Gulf of Guinea, and was then stopped by the south-east trade-winds. It is to avoid these that our ships, bound to India _via_ the Cape of Good Hope, stand across to South America. [196] Plin. ii. 169. [197] Strab. ii. 81. [198] Larachi or Al Arish, on the coast of Marocco. [199] Humboldt, in confirmation of this statement, quotes the case of a counterpart for the horse’s head belonging to the Gades-ship, referred to by Eudoxus, as having occurred in the remains of a ship of the Red Sea, which was brought to Crete by westerly currents, according to the account of the trustworthy Arabian historian Masudi.—Humboldt’s “Cosmos,” vol. ii. p. 389. [200] Periplus of the Erythræan Sea, vol. ii. p. 189 et seq. [201] Numbers xx. 14. [202] Judges viii. 24-26. [203] Macpherson, i. pp. 7, 8. [204] Heeren, Gen. Introd. p. xxv. [205] Herod. i. 1. [206] Ezek. xxvii. v. 7. [207] Herod. v. 52. [208] These are the greater and lesser Záb. [209] Referring, probably, to the numerous canals this great conqueror cut, for purposes of irrigation as well as navigation, between the Euphrates and Tigris.