It was further pointed out that rice, when imported into Great Britain in an American ship, was charged with a duty of 8_d._ per hundredweight more than when imported in a British ship; and that an extra duty amounting on a tierce of rice to 3_s._ 9_d._ sterling, the freight of a tierce of rice being then about 12_s._ sterling, was also demanded. It was said that no person would give 15_s._ 9_d._ freight in an American when he could have the same carried for 12_s._ in a British ship. Pot and pearl ashes were made to pay a countervailing duty of 9_d._ per barrel; and as the freight of such a barrel was presumed to be 5_s._ to 5_s._ 6_d._ sterling in times of peace, a difference of 9_d._ sterling would effectually give the carrying trade to British ships of all the ashes exported from the United States to Great Britain. [Sidenote: Conclusions drawn by the American shipowners.] From such arguments as these the shipowners of the United States drew the conclusion that Great Britain, by her countervailing Act, secured effectually the carrying, for her own wants and foreign commerce, of the American fish-oil, tobacco, pot and pearl ashes, rice, indigo, and cotton; and, having obtained the carriage of these bulky articles, all minor objects, except naval stores, not being sufficiently important to form entire cargoes, would also, of necessity, be carried in British ships. The small _export_ duty imposed by the British Parliament, of _one-half_ per cent. on all goods, wares, and merchandise of the growth or manufacture of Great Britain on their exportation to any port in Europe within the Straits of Gibraltar, and of _one_ per cent. on similar goods when exported to any place not being in Europe or within the Straits of Gibraltar, subjected the United States to a duty on exports double that which was paid by the nations of Europe. Of course this extra duty, small as it was, but utterly wrong in principle, served to make a new grievance, and the Americans contended that this _discriminating_, or, more properly, this _differential_, duty was in contradiction to the spirit of the treaties which subsisted between the United States and Great Britain. Two modes were proposed to the American Legislature to obviate the disadvantages resulting to the carrying trade of the United States from these countervailing and differential duties. The one was, to increase the American discriminating[318] (differential?) duties, so as to counteract the injury they experienced from the operation of the countervailing duties of other nations. The other was, to relinquish the American duties (so far as they related to goods, wares, and merchandise, the growth, produce, or manufacture of the nations to which the ship in which these were imported belonged) in favour of such foreign nations as would agree to abolish such of their discriminating duties as were in their operation injurious to the interests of the United States.