[Footnote 3: Pufendorf: _Elementa Juris Universalis_, 1660; _De Statu Imperii Germanici_, 1667, under the pseudonym Monzambano; _De Jure Natures et Gentium_ 1672, and an abstract of this, _De Officio Hominis et Civis_, 1673.] Pufendorf was followed by Christian Thomasius[1] (1655-1728; professor of law at the University of Halle from its foundation in 1694). He was the first instructor who ventured to deliver lectures in the German language--in Leipsic from 1687--and at the same time was the editor of the first learned journal in German (_Teutsche Monate, Geschichte der Weisheit und Thorheit_). In Thomasius the characteristic features of the German Illumination first came out in full distinctness, namely, the avoidance of scholasticism in expression and argument, the direct relation of knowledge to life, sober rationality in thinking, heedless eclecticism, and the demand for religious tolerance. Philosophy must be generally intelligible, and practically useful, knowledge of the world (not of God); its form, free and tasteful ratiocination; its object, man and morals; its first duty, culture, not learning; its highest aim, happiness; its organ and the criterion of every truth, common sense. He alone gains true knowledge who frees his understanding from prejudice and judges only after examining for himself; the joy of mental peace is given to no one who does not free his heart from foolish desires and vehement passions, and devote it to virtue, to "rational love." The positive doctrines of Thomasius have less interest than this general standpoint, which prefigured the succeeding period. He divides practical philosophy into natural law which treats of the _justum_, politics which treats of the _decorum_, and ethics which treats of the _honestum_. Justice bids us, Do not to others what you would not that others should do to you; decorum, Do to others as you would that they should do to you; and morality, Do to yourself as you would that others should do to themselves. The first two laws relate to external, the third to internal, peace; legal duties may be enforced by compulsion, moral duties not. [Footnote 1: Thomasius: _Institutionum Jurisprudentiae Divinae Libri Tres_, 1688; _Fundamenta Juris Naturae et Gentium_, 1705, both in Latin; in German, appeared in 1691-96 the _Introduction and Application of Rational and Moral Philosophy_.]