(_Philosophical Aphorisms_, 1776, 1782; on Platner cf. M. Heinze, 1880); G.C. Lichtenberg (died 1799; _Miscellaneous Writings_, 1800 _seq_.; a selection is given in _Reclam's Bibliothek_); Christian Garve (died 1798; _Essays_, 1792 _seq.; Translations from the Ethical Works of Aristotle, Cicero, and Ferguson_); and Friedrich Nicolai[3] (died 1811). Eberhard, Feder, and Meiners will be mentioned later among the opponents of the Kantian philosophy. [Footnote 1: The influence of the English philosophers on the German philosophy of the eighteenth century is discussed by Gustav Zart, 1881.] [Footnote 2: Mendelssohn: _Letters on the Sensations_, 1755; _On Evidence in the Metaphysical Sciences_, a prize essay crowned by the Academy, 1764; _Phaedo, or on Immortality_, 1767; _Jerusalem_, 1783; _Morning Hours, or on the Existence of God_, 1785; _To the Friends of Lessing_ (against Jacobi), 1786; _Works_, 1843-44. Cf. on Mendelssohn, Kayserling, 1856, 1862, 1883.] [Footnote 3: Nicolai: _Library of Belles Lettres_, from 1757; _Letters on the Most Recent German Literature_, from 1759; _Universal German Library_, from 1765; _New Universal German Library_, 1793-1805.] Among the psychologists J.N. Tetens, whose _Philosophical Essays on Human Nature_, 1776-77, show a remarkable similarity to the views of Kant,[1] takes the first rank. The two thinkers evidently influenced each other. The three fold division of the activities of the soul, "knowing, feeling, and willing," which has now become popular and which appears to us self-evident, is to be referred to Tetens, from whom Kant took it; in opposition to the twofold division of Aristotle and Wolff into "cognition and appetition," he established the equal rights of the faculty of feeling--which had previously been defended by Sulzer (1751), the aesthetic writer, and by Mendelssohn (1755, 1763, 1785). Besides Tetens, the following should be mentioned among the psychologists: Tetens's opponent, Johann Lossius (1775), an adherent of Bonnet; D. Tiedemann (_Inquiries concerning Man_, from 1777), who was estimable also as a historian of philosophy (_Spirit of Speculative Philosophy_, 1791-97); Von Irwing (1772 _seq_.; 2d ed., 1777); and K. Ph. Moriz (_Magazin zur Erfahrungsseelenlehre_, from 1785). Basedow (died 1790), Campe (died 1818), and J.H. Pestalozzi (1745-1827) did valuable work in pedagogics. [Footnote 1: Sensation gives the content, and the understanding spontaneously produces the form, of knowledge. The only objectivity of knowledge which we can attain consists in the subjective necessity of the forms of thought or the ideas of relation. Perception enables us to cognize phenomena only, not the true essence of things and of ourselves, etc.]