History of scientific ideas

Name: History of scientific ideas
Author: Whewell, William
Whewell, William
Science -- Philosophy
_Art._   1. Object of the Chapter.
           2. Unity of the Individual.
           3. Condition of Unity.
           4. Kinds.
           5. Not made by Definitions.
           6. Condition of the Use of Terms.
           7. Terms may have different Uses.
           8. Gradation of Kinds.
           9. Characters of Kinds.
          10. Difficulty of Definitions.
          11. 'The Five Words.'

CHAP. II.  THE METHODS OF NATURAL HISTORY, AS REGULATED
           BY THE IDEA OF LIKENESS                               108

_Sect._ I. _Natural History in General._
  _Art._   1. Idea of Likeness in Natural History.
           2. Condition of its Use.

_Sect._ II. _Terminology._
  _Art._   3. Meaning of the word.

_Sect._ III. _The Plan of the System._
  _Art._   4. Its Meaning.
           5. Latent Reference to Natural Affinity.
           6. Natural Classes.
           7. Artificial Classes.
           8. Are Genera Natural?
           9. Natural History and Mathematics.
          10. Natural Groups given by Type, not by Definition.
          11. Physiography.
          12. Artificial and Natural Systems.
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_Sect._ IV. _Methods of framing Natural Systems._
  _Art._  13. Method of Blind Trial.
          14. Method of General Comparison.

_Sect._ V. _Gradation of Groups._
  _Art._  15. Series of Subdivisions.
          16. What is a Species?
          17. The _words_ 'Species' and 'Genus.'
          18. Varieties. Races.

_Sect._ VI. _Nomenclature._
  _Art._  19. Binary Nomenclature.

_Sect._ VII. _Diagnosis._
  _Art._  20. Characteristick and Systematick.

CHAP. III. APPLICATION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY METHOD
             TO MINERALOGY                                       138

  _Art._   1. Mohs's System.
           2. His 'Characteristick.'
           3. Mineral _Species_ not yet well fixed.
           4. _Orders_ of Minerals.
           5. Nomenclature of Minerals.
           6. M. Necker's 'Règne Mineral.'
           7. Inconvenience of taking a Chemical Basis of
              Mineral Systems.
           8. Relation of Natural History and Chemistry.
           9. What is a Mineralogical Individual?
          10. A well-formed Crystal is an Individual.
          11. Not the Integrant Molecules,
          12. Nor the Cleavage Forms.
          13. Compound Crystals are not Individuals.
          14. Crystalline Forms are sufficiently complete for
              this.
          15. Including aggregate Masses.
          16. Do Artificial Crystals belong to Mineralogy?
          17. The Mineralogical Individual extends as far as
              the same Crystalline Axes extend.
          18. Artificial Crystals do belong to Mineralogy:
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          19. Cannot be excluded.
          20. Species to be determined by the Crystalline Power.
          21. Secondary Derivative Forms are Varieties:
          22. Are not Species, as M. Necker holds.

CHAP. IV. OF THE IDEA OF NATURAL AFFINITY                        159
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History of scientific ideas

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