=2. Restoration of Episcopacy.=--The great desire of the King was to bring the Church of Scotland into conformity with the Church of England. To bring this about, he summoned some of the ministers to England, in the hope that he should be able to persuade them to agree with him. _Melville_, their leader, spoke out so plainly against episcopacy before the bishops in the Privy Council that he was sent to the Tower and finally banished. But the King carried his point, and in 1606 the Estates passed an act for the restoration of the bishops. No acts of church government were in future to be lawful without their consent, and though the General Assembly was still to go on, its power was to be very much lessened. As the old line of Scottish bishops had died out, John Spottiswood, Andrew Lamb, and Gavin Hamilton were consecrated by English bishops at London House to the bishoprics of Glasgow, Brechin, and Galloway. To avoid all dispute about the old claim of supremacy, neither of the English archbishops was present. But these bishops had a very hard time of it, for they did not get the lands of their sees restored to them as had been promised, and many of them had hard work to get a living at all. In 1610, two _Courts of High Commission_ were set up. These courts were afterwards united into one, but, as this court was under the control of the Court of Session, it could never be so tyrannical as the Court of High Commission in England. =3. Planting of the Highlands.=--In the early part of his reign James had tried to do something to improve the state of the _Highlands_. To this end three new burghs were founded, and the lands of all chiefs who could not show written titles were declared forfeited. These lands were given to _Lowland_ colonists, who were however soon glad to give up any attempt at settling among their lawless neighbours. The _MacGregors_, whose district lay close on the Lowland border, had shown themselves the most savage and lawless of all the Highland clans. _Argyle_ was commissioned to hunt them down, but they beat the Lowlanders with great slaughter in a battle at _Glen Fruin_ in 1604. Their chief was afterwards taken and hanged, and the name proscribed, but that was only breaking the power of one clan, whilst the others remained as formidable as ever. To prevent such outbreaks in future, _Argyle_ and _Huntly_ were entrusted with full powers to carry on the planting of the Highlands. Three conditions were required of those chiefs who were suffered to stay in possession of their lands. That they should give sureties for the good order of their clans; promise to let their land for a fixed rent in money instead of all other exactions, and agree to send their children to school in the Lowlands. These changes not only strengthened the Government, but made united action on the part of the clans more difficult.