=22. Dealings with the King.=--While the Scots army was lying before _Newark_, Charles, whose cause was now nearly hopeless, secretly left _Oxford_, where he was besieged by the army of the Parliament, and sought protection in the camp of the Scots. A few days afterwards _Newark_ surrendered, and they returned with the King to _Newcastle_. He stayed in their hands eight months. During this time, though they behaved towards him with respect and courtesy, he was really their prisoner, and they were busy treating with the Parliament for the terms of his surrender. If he had turned Presbyterian and signed the Covenant, no doubt they would have protected him, but after many arguments with _Henderson_, a noted divine of their party, he still remained unconvinced. In the end they agreed to leave England on payment of 400,000 pounds arrears of pay that were due to them. When they returned to their own country, they left the King to the mercy of the English Parliament. =23. The Engagement.=--A few months later, when Charles was a prisoner at _Carisbrooke_, he made a secret treaty with the moderate party in _Scotland_, to the effect that, if they would help him to win back his power, he would confirm the Covenant and would make a trial of the presbyterian Church in England. On this the _Committee of Estates_, in whose hands the government was, raised an army and sent it into _England_, with _Hamilton_, who had been created a Duke, at its head. They were defeated at _Preston_ by _Oliver Cromwell_, lieutenant-general of the parliamentary army. The Duke marched on to _Uttoxeter_. There he and his army laid down their arms, and yielded themselves prisoners, August 25, 1648. But the extreme party in Scotland were very wroth against the _Engagers_, as they called those who had made this "engagement" with the King. They thought that the taking of the _Covenant_ by the King was a mere pretence, and that Hamilton's expedition was a sinful helping of the _Malignants_. A change in the government was the result. Argyle, the head of the extreme Covenanters, raised his followers, while from the _Western Lowlands_, which were just waking to zeal for the Covenant, a body of men, with _Lord Eglinton_ at their head, marched on Edinburgh. This was called the _Whiggamores' Raid_, from Whig, a word used in the Westland for urging on horses. This was the origin of the word _Whig_, which gradually became the nickname of a political party. Argyle and his party came to terms with Cromwell, and formed a new Committee of Estates. Cromwell then marched to Edinburgh, and made them give him an assurance that none of the Engagers should be allowed to take any part in the government. By the _Act of Classes_ which was then passed, all profane persons and enemies of the Covenant were likewise shut out from holding office.