=34. The Restoration.=--The _Protector_, whose conquest had made Scotland prosperous, died September 3, 1658. His son _Richard_ succeeded him in office, but he was not strong enough to keep order, as his father had done. A time of great confusion followed, which ended in the recall and Restoration of Charles. This was chiefly the work of General Monk. He was Commander of the Army in Scotland, during the Protectorate. Some time after Cromwell's death he called together a Convention of the Representatives of the Counties. Whether they knew of his intention of restoring Charles or not is not certain. But they aided him with a large sum of money. In November, 1659, he set out with the army for London, and in about six months' time Charles returned in triumph to England. In Scotland, where Charles had been already crowned, his return was celebrated with great rejoicings by the people, who hoped that he would uphold the Covenant which he had signed. Before long, they found out how much they had been mistaken. In the very first English Parliament, an Act was passed which took from Scotland the privilege of free-trade with England, which she had enjoyed under Cromwell. This was the _Navigation Act_, by which the exporting and importing of merchandise into England, or any of her colonies, was forbidden to any but English vessels. =35. Episcopacy Re-established.=--_John Middleton_, a soldier of fortune, who had been taken prisoner at _Worcester_, and who had afterwards taken an active part in Glencairn's expedition, was now made _Earl of Middleton_, and was sent to Scotland as _Commissioner_. When the Estates met, an Act called the _Act Rescissory_ was passed. By this Act, all the Acts passed since 1633 were cut out of the Statutes; nearly all the concessions wrung from Charles the First were recalled. The causes of dispute between the King and the people were thus restored to the state in which they had been before the great struggle began. In this same year Episcopacy was re-established by the Estates, and the Covenant was publicly burned by the hangman. As there was but one of the old bishops still alive, three new ones were consecrated in England. _James Sharp_ was the Primate. He had gone up to London to plead the cause of the Covenant and of Presbyters; he came back an Archbishop, and was thenceforward foremost in persecuting the cause he had deserted.