=65. Literature and Art.=--Between the union of the Crowns and the union of the Parliaments there was but little advance in literature or art. This was in great part owing to the fact that, just when all other nations had taken to writing in their own tongues in place of _Latin_, the Scottish Court migrated to London. There the _Northumbrian English_, which was the common speech of the _Lowlands_ of Scotland, was despised as a provincial dialect, in which no educated man would write if he wished his writings to be read. During this period, the talent that was to be found in the country was enlisted in the religious struggle, which occupied all men's minds, and it produced many divines eminent for eloquence and learning. The literature of the times was, like the fighting, the tyranny, and the persecutions, chiefly of a religious character. There were many men of learning and talent, renowned either for their writings or from their eloquence, to be found among the leaders of the different sects. Among the _Presbyterians_ the most eminent were _John Welch_, the son-in-law of _Knox_; _Alexander Henderson_; _Guthrie_, the martyr of the _Remonstrants_, and _George Gillespie_, who, from his gift for argument, was called the "_Hammer of the Malignants_." The _Episcopal Church_ could boast of some scholarly divines, such as _John_ and _Patrick Forbes_, and _Leighton, Archbishop of Glasgow_. Of poets there were but few; none who could bear comparison with those of an earlier time. _Drummond_ of _Hawthornden_ is chief among them, but his genius is obscured by an imitation of the dialect and style then prevalent in England. Many of the beautiful ballads and songs of which Scotland may justly be proud, must have been composed about this time, but the authors are unknown. Unknown also, or forgotten, are the musicians to whom Scotland owes the wild, sweet strains to which those songs were sung, those pathetic melodies which make the national music so peculiar and characteristic in its exquisite beauty. The oldest collection of these airs is in a manuscript which seems to date from the sixteenth century. To _George Jameson_, the earliest Scottish painter of note, we owe the life-like portraits of the heroes of these times. He was born at Aberdeen and in 1620 he settled in his native town as a portrait-painter. But the spirit of the Covenant was opposed to art. Though it inspired to heroic deeds, there were no songs made about them. Architecture fared even worse than poetry, for while churches, the work of former ages, were pulled down, any new ones that were put up were as ugly and tasteless as it was possible to make them. _Napier of Merchiston_, a zealous reformer, the writer of an _Explanation of the Apocalypse_, is known in the world of science as the inventor of _Logarithms_, a clever and easy way of shortening difficult numerical calculations.