=13. Battle of Preston-pans.=--Meanwhile _Cope_ had brought back his troops by sea and landed them at _Dunbar_. _Charles_ marched out from _Edinburgh_ to meet him. At a village near _Preston-pans_, so called from the pans used there for crystallizing the sea-salt, the _Highlanders_ defeated the regular troops, and came back triumphant to _Edinburgh_ with the money and the cannon which they had taken, September 20. In this battle Colonel Gardiner was killed close to his own park wall. _Charles_ lingered at Edinburgh, holding his court at _Holyrood_, till November 1, when he began his march towards England, at the head of an army of five to six thousand men. _Carlisle_ surrendered to Charles, who left a garrison to defend the castle, and marched on unresisted through Preston and Manchester, as far as _Derby_, which he reached on December 4. _Charles_ was now two days' march nearer London than the army under _William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland_, son of _George the Second_, which had been sent to oppose him. A panic prevailed in London, where the citizens expected hourly to see the wild Highlanders enter and spoil the city. Their fears were, however, unfounded. Jealousies and discord were rife among the rebel chiefs. At Derby Charles held a council of war. Some of his officers advised one thing, some another. But as they would not agree to march on to London without delay, Charles, sorely against his will, was obliged to give the order for retreat, and to lead his dispirited followers back again as quickly as they had come. Cumberland followed close on their rear. At _Clifton Moor_, near _Penrith_, there was a slight skirmish, in which the rebels had the advantage. But they did not wait to risk a battle there, but hurried north, passing on their way through _Dumfries_ and _Glasgow_, where they levied contributions. =14. Battle of Falkirk.=--When Charles reached _Stirling_, his army was joined by reinforcements which raised its number to eight or nine thousand. He prepared to lay siege to the Castle. _General Hawley_ was seat from Edinburgh with a nearly equal force to relieve it. The two armies met on _Falkirk Moor_, January 17, 1746. Hawley was as totally and shamefully beaten as _Cope_ had been at Preston. Instead of following up his advantage by pursuing and destroying the royal army, Charles remained inactive in the field, and allowed his followers to plunder the bodies of the slain. The next day he went on with the siege of Stirling. The _Duke of Cumberland_ was now sent north, with full power to put down the rebellion as he pleased. He reached _Edinburgh_ January 30, and the very next day set out at the head of an army in quest of the rebels. Charles raised the siege of Stirling, and hurried north. He entered _Inverness_, and took _Forts George_ and _Augustus_, where he found supplies of food, guns, and powder, of which his army stood in great need.