But the favour of James II. led to still greater persecutions once he had been overthrown to make way for William of Orange. During the reigns of William and Mary, of Anne and of George I. the position of the Scotch Catholics was even worse than that of their brethren in England or Ireland. In his anxiety to encourage both the priests and the laity Innocent XII. appointed Bishop Thomas Nicholson as vicar- apostolic of Scotland in 1694, and, as it was impossible for him to give sufficient attention to the districts in the north and west where Catholics were still fairly numerous, Dr. Hugh MacDonald was appointed vicar-apostolic of the Highlands in 1726. When the Pretender arrived in Scotland the Catholics flocked to his standard, and when he was defeated at Culloden (1746) they were obliged to pay a heavy penalty for their loyalty to the old rulers. The Highland clans were either cut up in battle or deported; the Catholic chapels were closed, and so violent was the persecution that ensued that it seemed as if the wishes of the kirk were about to be realised. But events soon showed that those who imagined they had seen the extinction of Catholicism in Scotland were doomed to disappointment. ---------- [1] Theiner, /Vet. Mon. Scot./, 8. [2] Id., 465-68. [3] Robertson, /Concilia Scotiae (1225-1559)/, cclxx.-cclxxxv. [4] Pollen, /Papal Negotiations/, etc., 525-30. [5] Forneron, /Les ducs de Guise et lour époque/, 1877. [6] Herkless, /Cardinal Beaton/, 263 sqq. [7] Id., 289-301. [8] /Cambridge Modern History/, ii., 556. [9] Robertson, /Concilia Scotiae/. [10] Law, /Archbishop Hamilton's Catechism/, 1884. [11] Pollen, op. cit., xxv., xxiv.-vi. [12] For a reliable account of Knox, cf. Lang, /John Knox and the Reformation/, 1905. [13] Grub, /Ecc. Hist. of Scotland/, ii., 45-6. [14] Bellesheim, i., 389. [15] Grub, op. cit., ii., 53-54. [16] Wilkins, /Concilia/, iv., 204 sqq. [17] Published in 1558. Dedicated to the writer's nephew, "Gilbert Maister of Cassillis." [18] Pollen, op. cit., xxxii. sqq. [19] Pollen, op. cit., 56. [20] Bellesheim, op. cit., i., 424-32. [21] Grub, op. cit., ii., 89 sqq. [22] Pollen, op. cit., xlix. sqq. [23] On the mission of Gouda, cf. Pollen, op. cit., liv. [24] Pollen, op. cit., 162-76. [25] Pollen, op. cit., lxxxv.-xcviii. [26] Lang, /The Mystery of Mary Stuart/, 54-9. [27] Lang, /The Mystery of Mary Stuart/, 74 sqq. [28] Lang, op. cit., 148 sqq. [29] Pollen, op. cit., 293, cxxvi.-xxxiii. [30] /Political History of England/, vi., 272. [31] Rait, /Mary Queen of Scots/, 145. [32] Cf. Hosack, /Mary Stuart and her Accusers/, 2 vols., 1870-4. Henderson, /Casket Letters/, 2nd edition, 1890. Id., /Mary Queen of Scots/, 2 vols., 1905. Fleming, /Mary Queen of Scots/, 2 vols., 1897-8. Nau-Stephenson, /History of Mary Stuart/, 1883. Lang, /Mystery of Mary Stuart/, 1904. [33] Lang, /The Mystery of Mary Stuart/, 160-1. [34] Bellesheim, ii., 129.