33; condition in eighteenth century, 34-36; demand for independence, 37, 38; made independent, 39; Pitt's dealings with, 78, 117, 118; peasant risings in, 119; Hoche's descent on, 124; panic in, _ib._, 125; revolt in, 129; second union with England, 139 Ireton, Henry, supports the Independents, vi. 45; his influence with the army, 51; policy, 54, 56, 57, 81; Irish campaign and death, 109; his corpse outraged, 201 Irishmen, United, viii. 118-120, 127, 128 Iron, manufactures of, iv. 279; mines, i. 30; ii. 107; trade in eighteenth century, viii. 54, 57 Isabel I., queen of Castille, iii. 186, 187 Isabella of Angoulême, wife of King John, ii. 33 Isabella of France, wife of Edward II., ii. 186, 197, 198, 207, 208 Isabella of France, wife of Richard II., ii. 368 Isabella, daughter of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372; v. 121 Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 290 Italy, the Renascence in, iii. 189, 190; northern, conquered by Charles VIII. of France, 206; by Francis I., 233; by Buonaparte, viii. 122, 123, 125 _Itinerarium Cambriæ_, i. 274 _Itinerarium Regis Ricardi_, i. 174 Ivar the Boneless, i. 104 Ivry, battle of, iv. 369 "Jack the Carter," ii. 318 "Jack the Miller," ii. 318 "Jack Trewman," ii. 318 Jackson, General, viii. 205 Jacobins, viii. 96 Jacobites, vii. 68; their plots, 102, 103, 105; relations with the Tories, 166-168; rise in 1715, 183, 184; in 1745, 228-230 Jacquerie, the, ii. 265 Jamaica conquered by the English, vi. 117 James (I.), son of Robert III. of Scotland, iii. 15; prisoner in England, 16; king, _ib._, 183; murdered, 184 James IV., king of Scots, iii. 184, 185, 210 James V., king of Scots, iii. 248; iv. 23, 25, 26