John, son of Henry II., i. 258; Lord of Ireland, ii. 374; struggle with Longchamp, i. 260, 261; with Hubert Walter, _ib._; king, 268; victory at Mirebeau, _ib._; loses his French dominions, 269; his character, 326-328; prepares for war with France, 328; Welsh rise against him, 333; his continental alliances, _ib._, 334; campaigns in Wales, ii. 54, 55; struggle with the Church, i. 329-331; relations with the baronage, 332, 338; sentenced by the Pope to deposition, 333; becomes the Pope's vassal, 337; absolved, 338; struggle with Langton, 340, 341; goes to France, 342; defeat and return, 343; struggle with the barons, 344-347; assents to Great Charter, 348, 353; gets it annulled by the Pope, 354; takes Rochester and marches on the north, _ib._; struggle with Lewis of France, 355; divides the Pale into counties, ii. 376; charter to Oxford, i. 309; death, 356; his submission to the Pope repudiated by Parliament, ii. 275 John, king of Bohemia, ii. 236, 239 John, duke of Normandy, ii. 234, 235; king of France, 258; Normandy rises against, 259; campaign against the Black Prince, 260, 261; prisoner, 262, 263; death, 281 John of Austria, Don, iv. 310-312 John of Cambridge, prior of St. Edmund's, ii. 329 John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, ii. 287, 293, 294; position and policy, 302, 303; corrupt administration, 303; opposed by the Good Parliament, 305-307; action after its dismissal, 307; attacks Wykeham, 308; supports Wyclif, 309; withdraws from court, 311; expedition to St. Malo, 315; turns against Wyclif, 337, 341; goes to Spain, 350; intercedes for the Lords Appellant, 354; patron of Chaucer, 359; Aquitaine granted to, 369; death, 373 John the Litster, ii. 325, 331 John of London, pupil of Roger Bacon, ii. 16 John of Northampton, mayor of London, ii. 345, 350 John the Old Saxon, i. 113 John of Salisbury, i. 173, 174, 250, 282, 283, 285 Johnson, Samuel, vii. 204, 217; viii. 11 Jonson, Ben, v. 42 Joseph II., emperor, viii. 81, 85, 86 Journalism, developement of, in the eighteenth century, vii. 298 Juana of Castille, wife of Philip of Austria, iii. 186, 208 Judges, limitations of their powers, ii. 110, 111; circuits of, i. 207; organized by Henry II., 256; regulated by the Great Charter, 350 Julius II., Pope, iii. 187, 188, 209, 274 Julius III., Pope, iv. 86 Junius, viii. 9 Junto, the, vii. 85 Jurors, two classes of, i. 238; their functions in the Shire Court, ii. 149 Jury, trial by, its origin, i. 238; the Grand, _ib._; mode of its election, 264; petty, 239 Justice in Old England, i. 12, 13, 49; Henry II.'s organization of, 256; administration of, in towns, 297; provisions for, in Great Charter, 350, 352 Justices of the Peace, ii. 123