History of the inductive sciences, from the earliest to the present timeWhewell, William
History
History of the inductive sciences, from the earliest to the present time
Whewell, William
Science -- History
The technical term, _Atom_, marks sufficiently the nature of the
opinion. According to this theory, the world consists of a
collection of simple particles, of one kind of matter, and of
indivisible smallness (as the name indicates), and by the various
configurations and motions of these particles, all kinds of matter
and all material phenomena are produced.
To this, the Atomic Doctrine of Leucippus and Democritus, was
opposed the _Homoiomeria_ of Anaxagoras; that is, the opinion that
material things consist of particles which are homogeneous in each
kind of body, but various in different kinds: thus for example,
since by food the flesh and blood and bones of man increase, the
author of this doctrine held that there are in food particles of
flesh, and blood, {79} and bone. As the former tenet points to the
corpuscular theories of modern times, so the latter may be
considered as a dim glimpse of the idea of chemical analysis. The
Stoics also, who were, especially at a later period, inclined to
materialist views, had their technical modes of speaking on such
subjects. They asserted that matter contained in itself tendencies
or dispositions to certain forms, which dispositions they called
λόγοι **σπερματικοὶ, _seminal proportions_, or _seminal reasons_.
Whatever of sound view, or right direction, there might be in the
notions which suggested these and other technical expressions, was,
in all the schools of philosophy (so far as physics was concerned)
quenched and overlaid by the predominance of trifling and barren
speculations; and by the love of subtilizing and commenting upon the
works of earlier writers, instead of attempting to interpret the
book of nature. Hence these technical terms served to give fixity
and permanence to the traditional dogmas of the sect, but led to no
progress of knowledge.
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