[Sidenote: Mutiny arising in the Church.] Not among the laity alone was there indignation against such a state of things. Mutiny broke out in the ranks of the Church. It was not that among the humbler classes the sentiment of piety had become diminished. [Sidenote: The Shepherds and Flagellants.] The Shepherds, under the leadership of the Master of Hungary, passed by tens of thousands through France to excite the clergy to arouse for the rescue of good King Louis, in bondage among the Mussulmen. They asserted that they were commissioned by the Virgin, and were fed miraculously by the Master. Originating in Italy, the Flagellants also passed, two by two, through every city, scourging themselves for thirty-three days in memory of the years of our Lord. These dismal enthusiasts emulated each other, and were rivals of the mendicant friars in their hatred of the clergy. [Sidenote: The mendicant friars are affected.] The mendicants were beginning to justify that hesitation which Innocent displayed when he was first importuned to authorize them. The papacy had reaped from these orders much good; it was now to gather a fearful evil. They had come to be learned men instead of ferocious bigots. They were now, indeed, among the most cultivated men of their times. They had taken possession of many of the seats of learning. In the University of Paris, out of twelve chairs of theology, three only were occupied by the regular clergy. The mendicant friars had entered into the dangerous paths of heresy. They became involved in that fermenting leaven that had come from Spain, and among them revolt broke out. [Sidenote: Rome prohibits the study of science.] With an unerring instinct, Rome traced the insurrection to its true source. We have only to look at the measures taken by the popes to understand their opinion. Thus Innocent III., A.D. 1215, regulated, by his legate, the schools of Paris, permitting the study of the Dialectics of Aristotle, but forbidding his physical and metaphysical works and their commentaries. These had come through an Arabic channel. A rescript of Gregory XI., A.D. 1231, interdicts those on natural philosophy until they had been purified by the theologians of the Church. These regulations were confirmed by Clement IV. A.D. 1265. CHAPTER III. THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST--(_Continued_). OVERTHROW OF THE ITALIAN SYSTEM BY THE COMBINED INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL ATTACK. _Progress of Irreligion among the mendicant Orders.--Publication of heretical Books.--The Everlasting Gospel and the Comment on the Apocalypse._ _Conflict between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII.--Outrage upon and death of the Pope._ _The French King removes the Papacy from Rome to Avignon.--Post-mortem Trial of the Pope for Atheism and Immorality.--Causes and Consequences of the Atheism of the Pope._ _The Templars fall into Infidelity.--Their Trial, Conviction, and Punishment._