The World’s Columbian Exposition, which was held in Chicago in the year 1893, offered the Jews ♦an opportunity to participate in the great event in diversified ways. What they did and what they exhibited as artists, scientists, manufacturers and merchants does not belong to the subject of this work, which is mostly concerned with Jewish matters. But the Jews participated, as such, in the World’s Parliament of Religions which was held in Chicago at that time. Among the separate denominational congresses which constituted that Parliament was also a Congress of Jewish Women, the first of its kind ever held. This congress resulted in the organization of the National Council of Jewish Women, “to further united efforts in behalf of Judaism by supplying means of study; by an organic union to bring about closer relations among Jewish women; to furnish a medium of interchange of thought and a means of communication and of prosecuting work of common interest; to further united efforts in the work of social betterment through religion, philanthropy and education.” Hannah G. Solomon and Sadie American, respectively chairman and secretary of the congress, were elected president and secretary of the council. In 1896 the word “National” was eliminated from the name, on account of the entrance of sections from Canada. The council now consists of more than sixty sections and is doing noble work in pursuance of its program. Miss American still retains the office of secretary, while Mrs. Solomon was succeeded as president by Mrs. Marion L. Misch, of Providence, R. I. CHAPTER XXXII. THE LABOR MOVEMENT AND NEW LITERARY ACTIVITIES. Difficulty of securing data for the history of the Labor Movement among Jewish immigrants――John R. Commons’ characterization of a Jewish labor union――A constantly changing army of followers under the same leaders――The movement under the control of the radical press――The leaders as journalists and literary men―― They popularize the press and teach the rudiments of politics―― The voter――The “Heften”――Neo-Hebrew periodicals――The Yiddish stylists――The plight of the Hebraists.