[126] [Literally, "cutting," _i. e._ the cutting of a forest. Originally the Cossacks entered those regions as colonists and pioneers.] [127] According to legend, the chief of the district had pillaged Khmelnitzki's tent, carried off his wife, and flogged his son to death. [128] [In Polish, _Pokucie_, name of a region in the southeast of the Polish Empire, between Hungary and the Bukowina. Its capital was the Galician city Kolomea.] [129] The clause in question runs as follows: "The Jews, even as they formerly were residents and arendars on the estates of his Royal Majesty, as well as on the estates of the Shlakhta, shall equally be so in the future." [130] [See p. 98, n. 2.] [131] [Allusion to Amos v. 19.] [132] ["Mire of the Deep," from Ps. lxix. 3.--The Hebrew word _Yeven_ is a play on _Yavan_, "Greek," a term generally applied to the Greek Orthodox.] [133] See p. 130. [134] ["Scroll of Darkness" (comp. Amos iv. 13), with a clever allusion to the similarly sounding words in Zech. v. 1.] [135] [In Polish _Szczebrzeszyn_, a town in the region of Lublin.] [136] ["Troublous Times," allusion to Dan. ix. 25.] [137] ["Door of Repentance."] [138] [See p. 98, n. 1.] [139] [_I. e._ son of Mark, or Mordecai. On "syndics" see p. 111, n. 2.] [140] [Twenty per cent was the legalized rate of interest in Italy at the end of the fifteenth century. See Israel Abrahams, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, p. 242.] [141] We quote the following in abbreviated form. [For the complete text see the article cited in the next note.] [142] From the Hebrew text it is not clear whether they offered themselves voluntarily as victims, or whether they were picked out by others. According to the local tradition in Ruzhany, the former was the case. [See Dubnow in the Russian Jewish monthly _Voskhod_, July, 1903, p. 19, n. 1.] [143] The corresponding word in Hebrew (שלומים), which is marked with dots in the original, represents the year of the event: [5]420 _aera mundi_, which equals 1659 C. E. [144] _I. e._ they tried to convert the martyrs to Catholicism. [145] [Allusion to Judges ix. 9, where the English version translates differently. The Hebrew word for "tree" also signifies "wood," and is used in polemic literature for "cross."] [146] [See p. 91, n. 1.] [147] [See p. 96, n. 1.] [148] [The Senate formed the upper chamber of the Polish parliament.] [149] In the "Political Catechism of the Polish Republic," published in 1735, we read the following: "Who is it in this vast country that engages in commerce, in handicrafts, in keeping inns and taverns?"--"The Jews." ... "What may be the reason for it?"--"Because all commerce and handicrafts are prohibited to the Shlakhta on account of the importance of this estate, just as sins are prohibited by the commandments of God and by the law of nature."--"Who imposes and who pays the taxes?"--"The taxes are imposed by the nobility, and they are paid by the peasant, the burgher, and the Jew."