[179] [Tannaim are the Talmudic authorities before 200 C. E.; Amoraim are those between that date and the conclusion of the Talmud, in 500 C. E.] [180] [Died 1613. Author of the Hebrew chronicle _Tzemah David_, "Branch of David."] [181] [The word originally means "chastisement" (generally by the father). It then signifies instruction, particularly ethical instruction.] [182] Such as _`Amudeha Shiv`ah_ ["Her Seven Pillars," allusion to Prov. ix. 1], by Bezalel of Kobrin, 1666; _Maor ha-katon_ ["The Lesser Light," allusion to Gen. i. 16], by Meïr of Tarnopol, 1697; _Nethib ha-Yashar_, "The Right Path," by Naphtali of Minsk, 1712, and many others. [183] [See p. 134, n. 3.] [184] [See p. 134, n. 4.] [185] See p. 200. [186] [On the meaning of the name see p. 223, n. 1.] [187] [In Polish, _Zamość_, a town in the region of Lublin.] [188] [See on this controversy Grätz's History, English translation, v. 257 f.] [189] [See p. 130.] [190] [_Ibid._] [191] [In Hebrew the two names are not clearly distinguishable. The former town, in Polish, _Szydlowiec_, is near Radom. The latter, in Polish, _Siedlce_, is the capital of the present Russian Government of the same name, not far from Warsaw.] [192] [The Turkish Sabbatians, from whom this Spanish title was borrowed, spoke the Judeo-Spanish dialect. On the abbreviation S. S., see Grätz, _Geschichte der Juden_, x^3, 379, n. 1.] [193] [In Polish, _Lanckorona_, a town in Podolia.] [194] [Literally, "the Lady," a Cabalistic term for the Divine Presence.] [195] [In Podolia.] [196] [See p. 134, n. 4.] [197] _Tar`ā de-Rōmēm_, the legendary dwelling-place of the Messiah. [Comp. Sanhedrin 98a.] [198] [Literally, "Master of the Name," a man able to perform miracles through the Name of God.] [199] An exposition of his doctrines may be found in the book entitled _Maggid Debarav le-Ya`kob_ ["Showing His Words unto Jacob"--allusion to Ps. cxlvii. 19], also called _Likkute Amarim_, "Collection of Sayings." It was published after his death, in 1784. [200] ["History of Jacob Joseph"--a clever allusion to the Hebrew text of Gen. xxxvii. 2.] [201] _Hayye, bane, u-mezone_ [allusion to a well-known Talmudic dictum; Mo`ed Katan 28^a]. [202] [His full name was Shneor Zalman, which is used by the author later on. Subsequently he assumed the family name Shneorsohn.] [203] In Hebrew, _Hokma_, _Bina_, _Da`ath_, abbreviated to HaBaD, from which the White Russian Hasidim received the nickname "Habadniks." [204] הגר״א [_Hagro_, abbreviation of _Ha-G_aon _R_abbi _E_(א=o)lia]. [205] The custom of wearing white garments was adopted, for certain mystical considerations, by the Tzaddiks and the most pious of their followers. [206] See p. 230. [207] See pp. 377 _et seq._ CHAPTER VII THE RUSSIAN QUARANTINE AGAINST JEWS (TILL 1772) 1. THE ANTI-JEWISH ATTITUDE OF MUSCOVY DURING THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES