=Economic= life, of Jews, in Poland, I 42, 44 f, 67 f, 160, 264 ff, 270 in Polish Silesia, I 42 in Lithuania, I 60 in Russia, I 353 f, 359 ff in White Russia, I 310 ff; II 14 in Russian South-west, II 193 f in Kiev, II 264 undermined under Nicholas I., II 70, 72 improved under Alexander II., II 185 f E. importance of Russian Jews pointed out by Vorontzov, II 64 f; by Pahlen Commission, II 366; and by foreign press, II 408 Russian Jews accused of E. exploitation, II 193 f, 270 ff restricted under Alexander III., II 318, 346 ff E. misery of Russian Jews, II 318, 366 f collapse of, under Nicholas II., III 22 ff in America, II 374 E. boycott in Poland, III 166 ff =Edels, Samuel=, called Maharsho, famous Polish talmudist, I 129 f =Education, Jewish=, see Heder and Yeshibah modernization of, in Poland, urged by Kalmansohn, I 385; by David Friedländer, II 90; by Polish assimilationists, II 101 criticized by Russian Council of State, II 48 negative effects of, pointed out by author, II 113 national E. demanded by Zionist Convention at Minsk, III 45 fostered by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, III 160 autonomy of, demanded by League for Equal Rights, III 112 progress of, in Palestine, III 148 See School =Education, Secular=, promotion of, among Jews, urged by Russian dignitaries, I 327, 333 championed by Frank, Jewish physician, I 331; by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128; and by Maskilim of Vilna, II 137 encouraged by Alexander I., I 344 f; by Nicholas I., II 20, 57 f; and by Alexander II., II 163 ff, 166, 175, 216 shunned by Russian Jews, I 350, 380; II 48, 53 ff, 175 spreads under Alexander II., II 176 f, 216 promoted by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment spread of, among Jews feared by Russian authorities, II 339, 348 disparaged in general by Pobyedonostzev, II 348 =Educational Restrictions=, demanded by Alexander III., II 349 issued by Minister of Instruction (1887), II 350 disastrous effects of, II 350 f compel Jewish youth to study abroad, II 351; III 31 stimulate emigration, II 373 applied with increasing rigor under Nicholas II., III 27 ff abolished in institutions of higher learning (1905), III 124 restored (1907), III 152 placed on Statute books in 1908, III 157 f See Enlightenment, School, and University =Efron-Litvin=, converted Jew, anti-Semitic playwright, III 38 =Egypt=, emigration of Jews from, into Tauris, I 16 Sabbatian propaganda in, I 205 =Eibeschütz=, upheld by Polish rabbis in struggle with Emden, I 204 =Einhorn, David=, modern Jewish writer, III 162 =Eisenbaum, Anton=, Polish-Jewish assimilationist, head of rabbinical seminary, II 103 =Eisenmenger=, anti-Jewish writer, II 104