=Waad Arba Aratzoth= ("Council of Four Lands"), central organization of Polish Jewry, pronunciation of word _Waad_, I 108 grows out of conferences of rabbis and Kahal leaders, I 108 f; which meet at fair of Lublin, I 109; at initiative of Shalom Shakhna, rabbi of Lublin, I 123; exercising judicial as well as administrative and legislative functions, I 109 f presided over by Mordecai Jaffe, I 127 presided over by Joshua Falk Cohen, I 128 meets periodically at Lublin and Yaroslav, I 110, 194 composition of, I 110 provincial _Waads_ represented on, I 113, 196 f oligarchic character of, I 195 acts as court of appeals, I 111 decides litigations between Kahals, I 193 activities of, stimulate rabbinical learning, I 126 f regulates inner life of Jews, I 111 f, 152, 188 f concerned about maintenance of Talmud Torahs and yeshibahs, I 195 exercises censorship over Hebrew books, I 195 f issues _herem_ against Frankists, I 214 appoints _Shtadlans_ to represent Jews before Government, I 111, 193 apportions head-tax among Kahals, I 181, 189 f, 194 authority of, in apportioning head-tax upheld by King Sobieski (1687), I 194 authority of, undermined by withdrawing right of apportioning head-tax (1764), I 181, 197 meetings of, forbidden by diet; of 1764, I 198 =Waad Kehilloth Rashioth Di-Medinath Lita= ("Council of the Principal Communities of the Province of Lithuania"), central organization of Lithuanian Jews, formed in 1623, I 112 provincial Waads represented on, I 113, 196 meets periodically, I 194 functions of, I 112 f cultivates Jewish education, I 195 appoints _Shtadlans_ to represent Jews before Government, I 193 apportions head-tax among Jews, I 181 =Waddington=, English representative at Berlin Congress, favors emancipation of Jews, I 202 =Wagenseil=, German professor, publishes Isaac Troki's _Hizzuk Emuna_, I 138 =Wahl, Saul=, legendary king of Poland, I 94 =Wahl, Von=, governor of Vilna, flogs Jewish workingmen, I 67 =Wallachia=, Jacob Frank settles in, I 212 Besht born on border of, I 222; see Moldavo-Wallachia