=Yeshibah, or Talmudic Academy=, imparts higher rabbinical education, I 114 f secular studies excluded from, I 120, 277 maintained by Council of Four Lands, I 195 sanctioned by Sigismund II. under name of _gymnazium_, I 115 head of, or _rosh-yeshibah_, granted wide powers by Polish Kings, I 115 f; enjoys great distinction, I 119 Y's spread all over Poland and Lithuania, I 115 f Y's of Lithuania adopt method of Talmud study of Vilna Gaon, I 380 f important Y's in Lithuania, II 113 f negative effect of, II 113 f placed under Government supervision (1842), II 56 Joshua Falk Cohen, head of, in Lemberg, I 128 Moses Isserles, head of, in Cracow, I 123 Nathan Spira, head of, in Cracow, I 135 Isaiah Horowitz (_Shelo_), studies in, of Lemberg and Cracow, I 135 Eliezer, head of, in Homel, I 150 Abel Gumbiner, head of, in Kalish, I 200 Hayyim Volozhiner, head of, in Volozhin, I 381 Itzhok Itzhaki, head of, in Volozhin, II 57 =Yesod Hama'Alah=, Jewish colony in Galilee, II 375 =Yevrey=, Russian term for Jew, officially introduced, I 320 =Yevreyskaya Bibliotyeka ("Jewish Library")=, Jewish periodical in Russian, II 221 Orshanski contributes to, II 238 =Yevreyskaya Starina ("Jewish Antiquity")=, Jewish periodical in Russian, III 160 _Yevreyski Mir_ ("Jewish World"), Jewish weekly in Russian, III 162 =Yezierski=, Polish statesman, chairman of Jewish Commission of Polish Diet, I 287 recognizes economic importance of Polish Jews, I 287 f defends Jews in Diet, I 289 =Yiddish=, brought by Jews from Germany, I 43, 114 translations of prayers in, used by women, I 121 read by women and lower classes, I 202 Mendel Lewin translates Bible into, I 388; attacked by Tobias Feder, I 388 Y. press, II 217 f, III 58 f, 162 Y. literature, III 61 ff, 162 Mendele Mokher Sforim turns to, II 232 Gordin writes plays in, II 335 Frug, Russian-Jewish poet, writes in, III 63, 78 used as propaganda means by Jewish Labor movement, III 56 f position of, hotly discussed, III 161 adherents of (Yiddishists), III 161 =Yosefovich, Hirsh=, rabbi of Khelm, author of Polish pamphlet defending Jews, I 283 =Yosefovich, Abraham=, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, I 73 converted to Christianity and appointed Chancellor of Lithuanian Exchequer, I 73 =Yosefovich, Michael=, brother of former, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, 172 f appointed by Sigismund I. "senior" of Lithuanian Jews, I 72 f, 104