Shortly after these events Fadus was recalled from Jerusalem, and his place was taken by Tiberius Julius Alexander, son of the Alabarch Alexander, nephew of the Judæan philosopher Philo. Tiberius, who had espoused paganism, bore already the dignity of a Roman knight. The Emperor believed doubtless that in naming a Judæan of a distinguished house as governor over the land, he was giving proof of his friendliness to the nation. He did not imagine that their sensitive natures would be violently opposed to the fact of being governed by a renegade. The people seem indeed to have been most uncomfortable under the rule of Tiberius; the zealots lifted up their heads and excited an insurrection. They were led by Jacob and Simon and the sons of the zealot Judah, but no details of this revolt are extant. To judge by the severity of the sentence passed upon the ringleaders by the governor, it must have been of a grave character, for the two brothers suffered crucifixion, the most degrading form of capital punishment amongst the Romans. Tiberius Alexander remained only two years at his post. He was afterwards named governor of Egypt, and exercised considerable influence in the choice of the emperor. Herod II., king of Chalcis, titular king of Judæa, died at this time (48), and with him the third generation of Herodians sank into the grave. CHAPTER VIII. SPREAD OF THE JUDÆAN RACE, AND OF JUDAISM. Distribution of the Judæans in the Roman Empire and in Parthia--Relations of the various Judæan Colonies to the Synhedrion--Judæan Bandits in Naarda--Heathen Attacks upon Judaism--Counter Attacks upon Heathenism by Judæan Writers--The Judæan Sibyls--The Anti-heathen Literature--The Book of Wisdom--The Allegorists--Philo's Aims and Philosophical System--Proselytes--The Royal House of Adiabene--The Proselyte Queen Helen--The Apostle Paul--His Character--Change in his Attitude towards the Pharisees--His Activity as a Conversionist--His Treatment of the Law of Moses--The Doctrines of Peter--Judaic-Christians and Heathen-Christians. 40.49 C. E.