Jewish people in Latin, Dutch, and French. Spinoza lived to see this rejoicing of the community from which he had become a pervert. He happened to be at Amsterdam just at the time. He was engaged in seeing through the press a treatise (Ethics) which reversed the views hitherto prevailing, and the second, enlarged edition of his other work, chiefly directed against Judaism. He may have laughed at the joy of the Amsterdam Jews, as idle; but the building of this synagogue in a city which a hundred years before had tolerated no Jews and had supported a Spanish Inquisition, was loud testimony of the times, and contradicted many of his assertions. He died not long afterwards, or rather, passed gently away as with a divine kiss (February 21, 1677), about five months after Sabbataï Zevi. Against his will he has contributed to the glory of the race which he so unjustly reviled. His powerful intellect, logical acumen, and strength of character are more and more recognized as properties which he owed to the race from which he was descended. Among educated Jews, Isaac Orobio de Castro alone attempted a serious refutation of Spinoza's philosophical views. Though his intention was good, he was too weak to break through the close meshes of Spinoza's system. It was left to history to refute it with facts. CHAPTER V. LIGHT AND SHADE. Jews under Mahometan Rulers--Expulsion from Vienna--Jews admitted by Elector Frederick William into the Mark of Brandenburg--Charge of Child-murder in Metz--Milder Treatment of Jews throughout Europe--Christian Champions of the Jews: Jurieu, Oliger Pauli, and Moses Germanus--Predilection of Christians for the Study of Jewish Literature--Richard Simon --Interest taken by Charles XI in the Karaites--Peringer and Jacob Trigland--German Attacks on Judaism by Wülfer, Wagenseil, and Eisenmenger--Circumstances of the Publication of _Judaism Unmasked_--The _Alenu_ Prayer--Surenhuysius, Basnage, Unger, Wolf, and Toland. 1669-1700 C. E.