=Austria, the Jews of=, fill offices, =3=, 516, 567. protected by Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, =3=, 567-9. suffer during the Rindfleisch persecution, =4=, 36. suffer from the Deggenburg persecution, =4=, 98. accused of well poisoning, =4=, 110. suffer during the Hussite agitation, =4=, 222-4. charged with host desecration, =4=, 223-4. banished, =4=, 224, 427. restrictions placed on, =4=, 585. threatened with expulsion, =4=, 652. condition of, improved by Joseph II, =5=, 357-8. letter addressed to, by Wessely, =5=, 368. continued abasement of, =5=, 461. freed from the poll-tax, =5=, 464. new taxes imposed on, =5=, 508. under Francis I, =5=, 523. influence of Mannheimer on, =5=, 579. growing self-respect of, =5=, 582. =Austria, Lower=, the Jews of, banished, =4=, 585. =Austrian Succession=, the, War of, and the Jews of Prague, =5=, 251-2. =Autobiography= of Josephus, =2=, 390. of Uriel da Costa, =5=, 64-5. of Solomon Maimon, =5=, 409. =Auto-da-fé=, the first, of Marranos, =4=, 317. _See also_ Marranos, the; Inquisition, the. =Auvergne= (Arverna), Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35. =Auxerre=, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377. =Averroës= (Ibn-Roshd), commentaries by, on Aristotle, translated, =3=, 566-7. views of, opposed by Gersonides, =4=, 93. admired by Narboni, =4=, 94. quoted by Jewish preachers, =4=, 232. system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, =4=, 290. =Avesta=, the, laws of clean and unclean in, =1=, 402. =Avicebrol= (Avicebron), name of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol among the schoolmen, =3=, 271. =Avicenna.= _See_ Ibn-Sina. =Avigedor Kara=, rabbi of Prague, on friendly terms with Emperor Wenceslaus, =4=, 166. =Avignon=, the council of, forbids the employment of Jews in state offices, =3=, 503-4. the papacy at, =4=, 162. Jews remain in, after their banishment from France, =4=, 177, 659. David Reubeni in, =4=, 499. the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 141. Jews in, during the French Revolution, =5=, 436. =Avignon, the Jews of=, oppose the study of science, =4=, 33. tolerated by the popes, =4=, 177. expelled, =4=, 592. honor Crémieux and Montefiore, =5=, 658. =Avila, de=, Marrano bishop, burnt by Torquemada, =4=, 333. =Avila=, the Messiah of, =4=, 8-9, 9-10. religious disputation at, =4=, 140-2. Henry IV deposed at, =4=, 278. law of, =4=, 229. =Avila, the Jews of=, under Sancho, =3=, 617. converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 205. =Avitus=, bishop, presides over the council of Epaone, =3=, 37. forcibly converts the Jews of Clermont, =3=, 38-9. celebrated in a poem, =3=, 39. =Avran=, commander under Lysimachus the Benjamite, =1=, 449.