=Babylonia, the Judæans of=, kindly treated, =1=, 329-30, 331. government and possessions of, =1=, 330. easily learn Aramaic, =1=, 330-1. practice idolatry, =1=, 332. cherish Hebrew literature, =1=, 334-6. joined by the descendants of the Ten Tribes, =1=, 335-6. mourning of, =1=, 337-8. make proselytes, =1=, 338-9. adopt Chaldæan superstitions, =1=, 339-40. occupations and wealth of, =1=, 339-40. literature produced by, =1=, 340-2. not desirous of returning to Palestine, =1=, 340, 341. beg for permission to return to Palestine, =1=, 342-3. hate Babylon, =1=, 343. persecuted, =1=, 343-4. divided into the worldly and the pious, =1=, 349. interested in the war with Cyrus, =1=, 349. cured of idolatry by the fall of Babylon, =1=, 350. permitted to return to Palestine, =1=, 351. number of, returning under Cyrus, =1=, 352. sympathy of, with the returning exiles, =1=, 354-5. national enthusiasm of, =1=, 363-5. accompany Ezra to Palestine, =1=, 366. send contributions to the Temple, =2=, 52. welcome Hyrcanus II, =2=, 90. own large tracts of land, =2=, 202. in Batanæa, =2=, 274. massacred by Varus, =2=, 275. retreat to Gamala, =2=, 275. =Bacchides=, Syrian general, sent to Jerusalem, =1=, 482. slays Judæans at Beth-Zachariah, =1=, 483. encamps before Jerusalem, =1=, 486. defeats the Judæans at Eleasa, =1=, 487. reduces the whole country, =1=, 491. leaves Judæa, =1=, 492. makes a truce with Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 493-4. =Bacchus=, worshiped in Alexandria, =1=, 428. =Bacharach=, the Jews of, massacred, =3=, 636. =Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini=, physician, Maimunist, =2=, 536, 537. =Bachurim=, Talmud students, =4=, 640; =5=, 567. =Bachya Ibn-Pakuda=, moral philosopher, system of, =3=, 271-2. ascetic, =3=, 272. work of, translated, =3=, 392, 397. =Badajoz=, Henrique Nunes murdered at, =4=, 490. attacked by Spanish Marranos =4=, 498. =Baden, the Jews of=, the blood-accusation against, =3=, 564. obtain political freedom, =5=, 502-3. persecuted, =5=, 530-1. honor Riesser, =5=, 601. =Badis=, Berber king, supported by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 258. makes him vizir, =3=, 258. makes him chief of the Granada congregations, =3=, 259. avenges Balkin’s death, =3=, 275. orders the massacre of the Granada Arabs, =3=, 276. mistrusts Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 277. =Baffa=, sultana, favorite of, =4=, 629. =Bagdad=, a scientific center, =3=, 146. the Mutazilist theology taught at, =3=, 147. in the Pumbeditha district, =3=, 156. Saadiah at, =3=, 196. Sabbataï Donnolo at, =3=, 213. birthplace of Dunash ben Labrat, =3=, 226. Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, =3=, 369.