The ancient judicature was respected, and its regulations, subordinated to the legal procedure of the ruling power, were permitted to prevail among the vanquished, so far as they did not directly conflict with those of the Code of Islam. By its example of equity, toleration, and mercy, the new government rapidly gained the attachment of its subjects; the Jew prospered, the Christian forgot his bigotry, and the slave eagerly repeated the formula which released him from bondage and placed him on an equality with kings. In the dark recesses of the cloister, without knowledge of the outer world, without gratitude for the clemency which permitted him to live, without appreciation of the increasing benefits of civilization, the surly friar, alone in his malice and his ignorance, nourished a spirit of sullen animosity, and with scourge and haircloth performed his frequent penance; listening, with a vague foreboding of even greater evil to his Church and order, to the muezzin’s daily repetition of that ominous monotheistic maxim--ever before the eyes of the fanatic Moslem, whether it appeared carved amidst the marble foliage of his temples, or, emblazoned upon his banners in letters of gold, it glittered in the van of his victorious armies--“There is no God but the Immortal, the Eternal, who neither begets nor was begotten, and who hath neither companion nor equal.” CHAPTER VI THE EMIRATE 713–755 Abd-al-Aziz--His Wise Administration--His Execution ordered by the Khalif--Ayub-Ibn-Habib--His Reforms--Al-Horr--Al-Samh--His Invasion of France--His Defeat and Death--Abd-al-Rahman--Feud of the Maadites and Kahtanites--Its Disastrous Effects--Anbasah-Ibn-Sohim--His Ability--He penetrates to the Rhone and is killed--Yahya-Ibn-Salmah--Othman-Ibn-Abu-Nesa--Hodheyfa-Ibn -al-Awass--Al-Haytham-Ibn-Obeyd--Mohammed-Ibn-Abdallah --Abd-al-Rahman--His Popularity--Proclaims the Holy War--Treason of Othman-Ibn-Abu-Nesa--The Emir attempts the Conquest of France--Character of Charles Martel--Battle of Poitiers--Death of Abd-al-Rahman--Abd-al-Melik--Okbah-Ibn-al-Hejaj--His Wisdom and Capacity--Charles Martel ravages Provence--Berber Revolt in Africa--Victory of the Rebels--Abd-al-Melik-Ibn-Kottam--Balj-Ibn-Beschr--Thalaba --Abu-al-Khattar--Condition of Western Europe--Unstable and Corrupt Administration of the Emirs--Importance of the Battle of Poitiers.