State of the Kingdom after the Conquest--Superiority of the Moors--Policy of the Crown--Introduction of the Holy Office--Administration of Talavera--His Popularity--He is superseded by Ximenes--The Two Great Spanish Cardinals--Their Opposite Characters--Influence on Their Age--Violence of Ximenes--He burns the Arabic Manuscripts--Insurrection of the Moriscoes--Rout in the Sierra Bermeja--Bigotry of Isabella--The Moors under Charles V.--Persecution by the Clergy and the Inquisition under Philip II.--War in the Alpujarras--Ibn-Ommeyah--Operations of Don John of Austria--Removal of the Moors of Granada--Death of Ibn-Ommeyah--Ibn-Abu becomes King--Siege of Galera--Atrocities of the Campaign--Fate of Ibn-Abu--Condition of the Moriscoes in Spain--They are Exiled by Philip III.--Their Sufferings--Effect of their Banishment upon the Prosperity of the Kingdom. The close of the Reconquest left the Spanish monarchy in a condition of physical and financial collapse. The maintenance of a great army for ten years, with the resultant casualties of battle, exposure, and disease, had sensibly diminished the population. The treasury had long been depleted. The Queen had pawned her jewels to the bankers of Valencia and Barcelona. Wealthy subjects had been induced to advance funds to the government by methods equivalent to confiscation, and which held out but slender hopes of ultimate reimbursement. National credit was practically destroyed. The absence of the more industrious citizens in military service, the incorrigible idleness of those who remained, had impaired the pursuit of agriculture, upon which the resources of the kingdom depended. Had it not been for the taxes and extraordinary contributions levied upon the Jewish and Moslem tributaries, the war could not have been prosecuted to a successful conclusion. These two sects, which occupied an anomalous position in the body politic, numbered over two million. Although so inferior in numbers, they engrossed the trade and controlled the personal property of the Peninsula. The Jew, who practised with enormous profit the congenial but unpopular profession of usury, converted his gains into money and jewels. The Mudejar, who, after the Conquest, gave place to the Morisco, mindful of the Koranic precept which inculcates industry as a virtue and stigmatizes idleness as a crime, was the most laborious and successful of agriculturists, the most skilful of artisans. Representatives of these two classes directed the operations of the largest mercantile houses in the principal cities, and the commerce of the entire country was practically in their hands. Their prosperity was regarded with an evil eye by their Castilian masters, and the Moslem was especially the object of this animadversion. For generations the former had pursued the glorious but brutalizing calling of arms. With them, every occupation that implied or necessitated the performance