introduce it received the vote of the single State of Connecticut only. (Madison, Elliot, V. 481, 482.) FOOTNOTES: [31] Adopted by the votes of eight States against two,--Connecticut and Maryland voting in the negative. [32] Pennsylvania, Maryland, _ay_, 2; Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, _no_, 8. [33] Pennsylvania and Maryland, _no_. [34] New York, Delaware, and Maryland, _no_. [35] Nine States voted against it, and one (Delaware) was divided. [36] The Federalist, No. 21. [37] Madison, Elliot, V. p. 140. [38] Eight States in the affirmative, two in the negative, and one divided. [39] This was afterwards applied to the judges of the inferior courts also. [40] Act 12 & 13 William III. ch. 2. [41] Act 1 Geo. III. ch. 23. [42] This was afterwards stricken out. CHAPTER IV. ADMISSION OF NEW STATES.--GUARANTY OF REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT.--POWER OF AMENDMENT.--OATH TO SUPPORT THE NEW SYSTEM.--RATIFICATION. Having settled a general plan for the organization of the three great departments of government, the committee next proceeded to provide for certain other objects of primary importance, the necessity for which had been demonstrated by the past history of the Confederacy. The first of these was the admission of new States into the Union. It had long been apparent, that the time would sooner or later arrive when the limits of the United States must be extended, and the number of the States increased. Circumstances had made it impossible that the benefits and privileges of the Union should be confined to the original thirteen communities by whom it had been established. Population had begun to press westward from the Atlantic States with the energy and enterprise that have marked the Anglo-American character since the first occupation of the country. Wherever the hardy pioneers of civilization penetrated into the wilderness of the Northwest, they settled upon lands embraced by those shadowy boundaries which carried the territorial claims of some of the older States into the region beyond the Ohio. Circumstances, already detailed in a former part of this work, had compelled a surrender of these territorial claims to the United States; and in the efforts made by Congress, both before and after the cessions had been completed, to provide for the establishment of new States, and for their admission into the Union, we have already traced one of the great defects of the Confederation, which rendered it incapable of meeting the exigencies created by this inevitable expansion of the country.[43]