of the people appeared to be broken, and Christian civilization began to make progress. Schools were multiplied by the Protestant bishops; and the whole of the Bible was translated, printed, and circulated in the vernacular tongue. The Roman services gradually became extinct.[375] To avoid the necessity of a return to the affairs of this remote island, we have been compelled to anticipate events. It was not till 1550 that the terrible Bishop Aresen was put to death. Footnote 352: ‘Qui non regem se populo obtrudere volebat, quin potius ab ipso populo ad regnum advocari cupiebat.’—Gerdesius, _Ann._ iii. p. 401. Footnote 353: Gerdesius, _Ann._ Mallet, _Hist._ &c. Footnote 354: Geijer, _Geschichte Schweden_, ii. p. 87. Footnote 355: The white bâton distinguished those who were pardoned from those who surrendered at discretion. In the _Histoire Universelle_ of Théodore Agrippa d’Aubigné, iii. p. 35, we read, on occasion of a victory of Lesdiguières:—‘Les soldats de Gascogne _rendus au baston blanc_, ceux de pays _à discretion_.’ Footnote 356: This war is called in Denmark ‘_die Grafenfehde_,’ war of the Count; and this name has become a proverbial expression to designate a great calamity. Footnote 357: _Rerum Danicarum Scriptores_, pp. 65-75. Hamelman, _Oldenburgische Chronik_, pp. 327-340. Mallet, iv. pp. 242, 323. _Histoire Universelle_ of Théodore Agrippa d’Aubigné. Footnote 358: Job xii. 19. Footnote 359: ‘Super laquearia in fœdum latibulum conscenderat.’—Gerdesius, _Ann._ iii. p. 405. ‘Auf einem Balken unter seinem Dache.’—Munter, _Kirchengeschichte_, iii. p. 449. Footnote 360: ‘Antistes Arusiensis (Ove Bilde, the bishop of Aarhuus) castellum Silkeburgicum dedi non patiebatur, quantum vis acriter Rantzovius id oppugnaret, sed per Johannem Stugium contra vim defendebat.’—Gerdesius, _Ann._ iii. pp. 404-406, where these several arrests are narrated. Footnote 361: ‘Cum nobilitate cives ex plebe urbana æque atque ru tica delecti convocabantur.’—Gerdesius, _Ann._ iii. p. 406. Footnote 362: ‘Ipse exoptasset se in diabolum transformari,’ &c.—Gerdesius, _Ann._ iii. p. 407. Munter, _Kirchengeschichte_, iii. p. 456. Footnote 363: ‘Dissentientes nedum ut vi contra conscientiam adigantur . . . reddituros ipsos Deo fidei rationem.’—Gerdesius, _Ann._ iii. p. 407. Footnote 364: See vol. v. p. 413. The assembly of May 21, at Geneva. Footnote 365: Nye, _Danske Magazin_, i. 240; in Munter, _Kirchengeschichte_, iii. p. 458. Footnote 366: ‘Regem coronavit et reginam quasi verus episcopus.’—Luther, _Epp._ v. p. 87. De Wette. Footnote 367: ‘Taussanus constitutus est episcopus Ripensis, præsente Rege et sex reliquis episcopis.’—Gerdesius, _Ann._ iii. p. 412. Footnote 368: ‘Ordinatio ecclesiastica,’ &c.—Hafniæ, 1537. Chytræi, _Saxonia_, xv. p. 379. Grammius, _Additam. ad historiam Cragii_, ii. p. 29. Footnote 369: _Descriptio Norvegiæ_, p. 34.