=English Navigation Acts.=--Macdonald, _Documentary Source Book_, pp. 55, 72, 78, 90, 103. Coman, _Industrial History_, pp. 79-85. =British Colonial Policy.=--Callender, _Economic History of the United States_, pp. 102-108. =The New England Confederation.=--Analyze the document in Macdonald, _Source Book_, p. 45. Special reference: Fiske, _Beginnings of New England_, pp. 140-198. =The Administration of Andros.=--Fiske, _Beginnings_, pp. 242-278. =Biographical Studies.=--William Pitt and Sir Robert Walpole. Consult Green, _Short History of England_, on their policies, using the index. PART II. CONFLICT AND INDEPENDENCE CHAPTER V THE NEW COURSE IN BRITISH IMPERIAL POLICY On October 25, 1760, King George II died and the British crown passed to his young grandson. The first George, the son of the Elector of Hanover and Sophia the granddaughter of James I, was a thorough German who never even learned to speak the language of the land over which he reigned. The second George never saw England until he was a man. He spoke English with an accent and until his death preferred his German home. During their reign, the principle had become well established that the king did not govern but acted only through ministers representing the majority in Parliament. GEORGE III AND HIS SYSTEM =The Character of the New King.=--The third George rudely broke the German tradition of his family. He resented the imputation that he was a foreigner and on all occasions made a display of his British sympathies. To the draft of his first speech to Parliament, he added the popular phrase: "Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Briton." Macaulay, the English historian, certainly of no liking for high royal prerogative, said of George: "The young king was a born Englishman. All his tastes and habits, good and bad, were English. No portion of his subjects had anything to reproach him with.... His age, his appearance, and all that was known of his character conciliated public favor. He was in the bloom of youth; his person and address were pleasing; scandal imputed to him no vice; and flattery might without glaring absurdity ascribe to him many princely virtues." Nevertheless George III had been spoiled by his mother, his tutors, and his courtiers. Under their influence he developed high and mighty notions about the sacredness of royal authority and his duty to check the pretensions of Parliament and the ministers dependent upon it. His mother had dinned into his ears the slogan: "George, be king!" Lord Bute, his teacher and adviser, had told him that his honor required him to take an active part in the shaping of public policy and the making of laws. Thus educated, he surrounded himself with courtiers who encouraged him in the determination to rule as well as reign, to subdue all parties, and to place himself at the head of the nation and empire. [Illustration: _From an old print._ GEORGE III]